Color Purple :: essays research papers

The book called The Color Purple shows many of the topics discussed in class, but for the purpose of this paper I would like to discuss three aspects that are the most concerning and disturbing. The concept of the body, reproduction, and violence shown through the novel are the most prominent and key concerns seen in this literature selection that I would like to analyze in this expository essay. Beginning with the concept of the body, The Color Purple portrays a very graphic portrayal from the first pages. â€Å"She ugly† (Walker, 9). This gives the feel that the men have high standards of the women that are seen in this story of Black Southern Women. This also can be seen when Celie (the main character) holds on to a picture of Shug Avery (the woman she lets her husband have an affair with) because she is so beautiful. These are ideals seen in our culture as a whole. Women holding onto pictures of women in magazines and posters lead to the idea that the airbrushed picture is attainable and that is what the women of the world need to look like. The forerunner of this is visualized when this is what the men look at in their magazines. The view that men have of women is one of this sexual being waiting to be had. Celie holding onto this picture is the same as a woman today buying a magazine that appeals to her inferior parts. â€Å"I’m not as pretty or as smart†(10) is played on throughout the book as well as in our culture. Women of the world today need to be attractive to be someone, or so it seems. The same way Celie is a barefoot and pregnant housewife living her fantasy of a singer that is attractive. The epitome of the quotes that shows the sexuality associated with a women’s body is â€Å"right down there in your *censored* is a little button that gits real hot when you do you know what with somebody† (81). This allows the feeling of vulgarity in someone’s mind today, because talk of this sort is discounted. Throu gh this following quote it continues with other vulgarities that society does not accept â€Å"I kiss her back†¦Then us touch each other† (118). Mainly, because female sexuality as a whole is discounted and seen as a negative portrayal of our home lives.

Health Care Information Systems Essay

Health Care Information Systems Terms Define the following terms. Your definitions must be in your own words; do not copy them from the textbook. After you define each term, describe in 40 to 60 words the health care setting in which each term would be applied. Include at least two research sources to support your position—one from the University Library and the other from the textbook. Cite your sources in the References section consistent with APA guidelines. |Term |Definition |How It Is Used in Health Care | |Health Insurance Portability and |This is a federal law that was passed in |HIPAA is used in Health care to help keep | |Accountability Act |1996 that will protect the continuousness |patient information private and secure. | | |of health coverage when a patient changes |HIPPA ensures that all patient health | | |or loses their job which can limit the |information is being stored in a secure | | |health plan exclusions for preexisting |location and only authorized staff should | | |medical conditions that require the patient|be able to access this information. If this| | |medical information to be kept private and |information is not protected the health | | |secure. |care organization can face fines and | | | |penalties (Wager,, Lee,, Glaser,, & Burns,,| | | |2009). This term will be applied to the | | | |whole health care facility. | |Electronic medical record  |Is an electronic record of a patient’s |The electronic medic al record will be used | | |health related information which can be |in the health care setting each and every | | |created, gathered, and managed by |time the patient visits the health care | | |authorized clinicians and staff within the |organization. This is how providers are | | |health care organization. |able to keep up with the services and | | | |procedures that patients receive every time| | | |they are seen by a provider. This term will| | | |be used I billing and coding and | | | |departments as well as medical records that| | | |may need to check patient status or | | | |allergies. | |Electronic health record |Is an electronic record of health related |The electronic health record is a record | | |information on an individual that conforms |that can be seen at multiple health care | | |to nationally recognized health information|facilities at one time. When this | | |standards and that can be created, managed,|information is sent to different providers | | |and revised by authorized staff in more |it is encrypted in the event someone that | | |than one location. |is not authorized has access to it they | | | |will not get patient information that | | | |should be private. | |Personal health record |Is an electronic record of health related |Personal health record is the health  record| | |information on a patient. This information |of the patient which the patient has | | |can come from different facilities that |control over. The patient can get health | | |the patient may have been seen at. And the |information from different providers and | | |information can be managed, shared, and |share this information as they see fit. The| | |controlled by the patient. |personal health record may have some health| | | |information that the patient may feel the | | | |new provider does not need to see in order | | | |to treat them. This will be for the patient| | | |to disclose with the provider and then the | | | |provider may add this information to the | | | |patients chart. | |Computerized provider order entry system |Is a system that allows users to |This computerized provider entry system | | |electronically write orders, maintain the |lets providers monitor the patient’s | | |online medication administration record, |medication distribution. Providers and | | |and go over changes made to an order by |authorized staff are able to write | | |authorized personnel. |prescriptions for patients and track | | | |previous prescriptions. Providers will be | | | |able to see how long it’s been since they | | | |filled a p rescription for a patient. This | | |  |will be applied at the health care | | | |organization. | |Unique patient identifier |Is a system that uses information such as |The unique patient identifier lets | | |the patient’s date of birth to create a |provider’s look at patient health care | | |unique code that is reported instead of the|information without having to use patient | | |patient’s name. |personal information to identify them. This| | | |helps the organization stay in compliance | | | |since according to HIPAA all patient | | | |information must be secure and kept | | | |private. This will be used any place in the| | | |health care organization where a patient’s | | | |chart will need to pulled or looked up. | |Protected health information |Is any identifiable health information. |Protected health information is the | | |Individually identifiable health |patient’s personal information such as date| | |information is that which can be linked to |of birth social sec urity number and even | | |a particular person such as date of birth, |their address where they reside. This | | |address, and social security number. |information needs to be in a secure | | | |location at all times. The data entry | | | |person will have access to this information| | | |as well as the billers and coders in a | |  | |health care organization. | |Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services |Is a federal agency within the United |The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid | | |States Department of Health and Human |Services set the pace on how and what other| | |Services that administers the Medicare |insurance companies will be expected to | | |program and work in Medicaid. |cover depending on the patients plan. This | | | |will be used all over the health care | | | |facility to make sure everyone is always in| | | |compliance with state and federal laws. | |Covered entities |Is three specific groups including health |With covered entities this will apply to | | |plans, health care, clearinghouses, and |anyone who is authorized to access patient | | |health care providers that transmit health |information and is sharing patient health | | |information electronically. |with other parties inside and outside of | | | |the health care organization. Is | | | |information is used inappropriately the | | | |health care organization will be | | | |responsible and could face penalties and | | | |fines. | |Health information exchange |Is the process of sharing electronic health|Health information exchange can happen when| | |information between health care |two health care organizations or facilities| | |organizations. When sharing this |need to share information about a patient | | |information staff should make sure they are|(Morrisey, 2011). Depending on how the | | |sharing in a way that will protect the |information is sent it must be encrypted so| | |confidentiality and privacy of the patient.|hackers are able to identify the | | | |information being transferred. | | | | | | | | | References Morrisey, J. (2011). Health Information Exchange. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/854861185?accountid=35 812 Wager,, K., Lee,, F.W., Glaser,, J.P., & Burns,, L.R. (2009). Health Care Information Systems. A Practical Approach for health Care Management (2nd ed.). Retrieved from .

The History of Early and Modern Screws and Screwdrivers

A screw is any shaft with a corkscrew-shaped groove formed on its surface. Screws are used to fasten two objects together. A screwdriver is a tool for driving (turning) screws; screwdrivers have a tip that fits into the head of a screw. Early Screws Around the first century CE, screw-shaped tools became common, however, historians do not know who invented the first. Early screws were made from wood and were used in wine presses, olive oil presses, and for pressing clothes. Metal screws and nuts used to fasten two objects together first appeared in the fifteenth century. In 1770, English instrument maker, Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800) invented the first satisfactory screw-cutting lathe, and went on to inspire other inventors. In 1797, Englishman Henry Maudslay (1771–1831) invented a large screw-cutting lathe that made it possible to mass-produce accurately sized screws. In 1798, American machinist David Wilkinson (1771–1652) also invented machinery for the mass production of threaded metal screws. Robertson Screw In 1908, square-drive screws were invented by Canadian P. L. Robertson (1879–1951), 28 years before Henry Phillips patented his Phillips head screws, which are also square-drive screws. The Robertson screw is considered the first recess-drive type fastener practical for production usage. The design became a North American standard, as published in the Industrial Fasteners Institute Book of Fastener Standards. A square-drive head on a screw is an improvement over the slot head because the screwdriver will not slip out of the screws head during installation. The early 20th century Model T car made by the Ford Motor Company (one of Robertsons first customers) used over seven hundred Robertson screws. Phillips Head Screw and Other Improvements In the early 1930s, the Phillips head screw was invented by Oregon businessman Henry Phillips (1889–1958). Automobile manufacturers now used car assembly lines. They needed screws that could take greater torque and could provide tighter fastenings. The Phillips head screw was compatible with the automated screwdrivers used in an assembly line. A hexagonal or hex screw head has a hexagonal hole turned by an Allen key. An Allen key (or Allen wrench) is a hexagonally shaped turning tool (wrench), was first produced by William G. Allen of the Allen Manufacturing Company in Connecticut; who patented it first debatable. In 1744, the flat-bladed bit for the carpenters brace was invented, the precursor to the first simple screwdriver. Handheld screwdrivers first appeared after 1800. Types of Screws Myriad types of screws have been invented to perform specific tasks. A cap screw has a convex head, usually hexagonal, designed to be driven by a spanner or wrench.The wood  screw has a tapered shaft allowing it to penetrate the undrilled  wood.The machine screw has a cylindrical shaft and fits into a nut or a tapped hole, a small bolt.The self-tapping  screw has a cylindrical shaft and a sharp thread that cuts its own hole, often used in sheet metal or plastic.A drywall screw is a specialized self-tapping screw with a cylindrical shaft that has proved to have uses far beyond its original application.The set screw has no head at all and is designed to be inserted flush with or below the surface of the work piece.The double-ended  screw is a wood-screw with two pointed ends and no head. It is used for making hidden joints between two pieces of wood. Shapes of Screw Head Pan head: disc with a chamfered outer edgeCheesehead: disc with a cylindrical  outer edgeCountersunk: conical, with flat outer face and tapering inner face allowing it to sink into the material, very common for wood screwsButton or dome head screw: flat inner face and hemispherical outer faceMirror screw head: countersunk head with a tapped hole to receive a separate screw-in chrome-plated cover; used for attaching mirrors Types of Screw Drive A variety of tools  exists  to drive screws into the material to be fixed. The hand tools used to drive slot-headed and cross-headed screws  are  called screwdrivers. A power tool that does the same job is a power screwdriver. The hand-tool for driving cap screws and other types is called a spanner (U.K. usage) or wrench (U.S. usage). Slot head screws are driven by a flat-bladed screwdriver.Cross-head or Phillips screws have an X-shaped slot and are driven by a cross-head screwdriver, designed originally in the 1930s for use with mechanical screwing machines, intentionally made so the driver will ride out, or cam out, under strain to prevent over-tightening.The Pozidriv is an improved Phillips head screw, and it has its own screwdriver, similar to cross-head but with better resistance to slipping, or cam-out.Hexagonal or hex screw heads have a hexagonal hole and are driven by a hexagonal wrench, sometimes called an Allen  key or a power tool with a hexagonal bit.Robertson drive head screws have a square hole and are driven by a special power-tool bit or screwdriver (this is a low-cost version of the hex head for domestic use).Torx head screws have a splined socket and receive a driver with a splined shaft.Tamper-proof  Torxs drive sockets have a projection to prevent a standard  Torx  driver being inserted .Tri-Wing screws were used by Nintendo on its  Gameboys, and dont have a driver associated with them, which has discouraged even minor home repairs to the units. Nuts Nuts are square, round, or hexagonal metal blocks with a screw thread on the inside. Nuts help fasten objects together and are used with screws or bolts.   Sources and Further Information Industrial Fasteners Institute. IFI Book of Fastener Standards. 10th ed. Independence OH: Industrial Fasteners Institute, 2018.  Rybczynski, Witold. One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw. New York: Scribner, 2000.

Society, Culture, and Ethics of Airplanes - 923 Words

The price of an airline ticket has changed much than what it was years ago. â€Å"The average cost of a plane ticket within the U.S. plunged 9.1 percent to $315 during the first three months of 2009† (Johnson, J.) People can now travel cheaper and faster than they could before commercial airplanes became a reality; whether it is a vacation to Hawaii or a trip to see the Great Wall of China. This also allowed more immigrants to come to United States as it was viewed as hope for the poor, for them it meant a new life and freedom. Also, businesses have used airplanes as a method to communicate with one another and the American culture has been influenced by cultures from around the world. Participation in events in foreign countries such as Tour†¦show more content†¦Ground access vehicles emit 39.3% of NO x , trailing closely behind emissions by aircraft and APUs of 46.3%† (Health Perspectives (EHP)). The air pollution California seems to be the worst. From the cha rt you can see that L.A. and Sacramento are on top of the list. Of course if you ever visit L.A. and have a view from above, you can see the clouds of air pollution. To help lower the pollution, the airlines have already started using electrical powered equipment. Research on more efficient engines for planes are under research and is hopefully created soon. Airplanes also create water pollution as glycols are used for de-icing planes. †During de-icing, the airlines mix 55% glycol and 45% water, heat the mixture to about 185 ° F, and spray the planes down with it, says Miles Carter, manager of environmental services at Denver International Airport. Without recapture efforts, 50-80% of the glycols may end up in the local waterways, says Mark Williams, assistant environmental program manager for the Maryland Aviation Administration† (Health Perspectives (EHP)). Glycol can be toxic to humans and animals. Glycol can cause death, coma, unconsciousness, nausea, vomiting, wea kness, damage kidneys, and many other effects. To help lower the chances of glycol of entering our water ways and killing our fish, they use glycol recovery vehicles that look like street sweepers.Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Factors Paper981 Words   |  4 Pagessocial forces of the environment as defined in Marketing, include the demographic characteristics of the population and its values (Kerin Berkowitz, Hartley Rudelius, 2006, p. 74). This includes gender differences, buying patterns, diversity, culture, and attitudes. The Company refers to this factor as corporate citizenship. Corporate citizenship is one of core values and is integral to the companies’ expertise in flight and technology. knows that they have a global impact and that theirRead MoreJapan and the United States: Different but Alike!713 Words   |  3 PagesThe culture of a place is an integral part of its society whether that place is a remote Indian village in Brazil or a highly industriali zed city in Western Europe. The culture of Japan fascinates people in the United States because, at first glance, it seems so different. Everything that characterizes the United States--newness, racial heterogeneity, vast territory, informality, and an ethic of individualism-- is absent in Japan. There, one finds an ancient and homogeneous society, an ethic thatRead MoreThe Age Of Stupid : Film Review1103 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"be like America†. All he wanted was fame and power, and nothing for his environment. Flying in an airplane is one of the easiest and fastest ways to use a lot of energy. With rapidly declining fossil fuels, and the ever increasing gas emissions from airplanes and cars, it is evident that this man has no virtue ethics with regards to his environment. He seems to think that having a lot of airplanes will provide him with a utopic world. It was also interesting to see, with all the controversies, includingRead MoreSix Branches of Philospy1000 Words   |  4 PagesReflection of the Six Branches of Philosophy Various branches of philosophy have always become great debates in society. Many have questioned metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy and social philosophy. The author will discuss and reflect on the six branches of philosophy in which she will describe a time in her life when she have asked similar questions. 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The worst nightmare that haunts people is how the development of artificial intelligence will change the way humans perceive ourselv es. The worry becomes scientific models of human thought undermining the spiritual foundation of human dignity. However, this is nothing new. When the connection between procreation and sex was discovered in prehistoric human cultures, priests, primitive lawmakersRead MoreTransportation Service Administration and Aviation1387 Words   |  6 Pagesfounded standard of right and wrong is the basis to ethics. If we speak of what people ought to do that benefits their society, we are addressing how they conduct themselves to better their community or nation. Conducting themselves with honesty, compassion, and loyalty would be virtues that display standards of ethics. (Manuel Velasquesz, 2010) If we take these standards of ethics and apply them to a business, then we are addressing business ethics. This will apply to any and all areas of the business

Descriptive Essay About Cricket - 1559 Words

I am writing about a sport named cricket. CRICKET: Cricket has second most number of viewers next to football. The history of cricket started in 16th century, originated in middle-east England, and it developed globally around 19th and 20th century. The first international cricket match was played between USA and CANADA in 1844. The match was played at the St George s Cricket Club in New York. Cricket is a game played on a vast field, known as a ground. each team should have 11 players. the game is the team batting first should score runs and defend those runs by bowling in the second half, when opponent team is batting. Team Structure: Each team made up of eleven players. A player will be†¦show more content†¦Batsmen should run between two ends to score runs they must run to each other s end of the pitch (from one end to the other). if they both reach others ends then one run is counted. they can run multiple runs to each shot. Apart from running, they can also score runs by hitting the ball to boundaries. A boundary gives the batsmen to score either 4 or 6 runs. A four is scored by hitting the ball all along the ground rolled until it touches boundary rope, while a six is scored by hitting the ball past the boundary rope on the full without touching the ground. Once a 4 or 6 has been scored any runs physically ran by the batsman are not counted. They will only get the 4 or 6 runs. Ways Batsmen can be given out: There are a number of different ways a batsman can be given out in the game of cricket. Bowled - Cricket rules state that if the ball is bowled and if it hits the striking batsman s wickets, and bails flip off the stumps the batsman is given out. Caught out - If a batsman hits the ball with his bat or hand/glove holding the bat and if the fielder takes the catch before it hits the ground then the batsman is given caught-out. 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By choosing risk aversion and Bernoulli’s (1954) essay the authors have tried to explain why most people are usually found to be averse towards risk and why the degree of risk aversion lessens with rising wealth. In order to tackle the normative issues the author shifts focus from psychology to the decisionRead MoreR.K.Narayan and Swami and Friends7399 Words   |  30 Pageswere not born at that time, but theINNOCENCE that I find in this book makes is itrefreshingly different from what we have nowadays. Yes, as I kid I too loved to read about magic, mystery, adventures, and detective stuff. 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Performance appraisal could be informal or formal. Informal performance appraisal is a continuous process of feeding back information to the subordinates about how well they are doing their work in the organization. The informal appraisal is conducted on a day-today basis. For example, the manager spontaneously mentions that a particular piece of work was well performed or poorly performed. It is due to theRead MoreAnalyzing Current Sbu’s for Assigning Resources (by Using Boston Consulting Group Approach): Example for Bangladesh Perspective.7819 Words   |  32 PagesStudy This paper has been prepared by collecting information from secondary source. We have collected information from internet, then summarized the information and take more important part. Limitation of the Study To collecting information about our topic was not very easy, but its so difficult to collect and put it here. Basic concept of management system Management has been defined by various authorities various ways. 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The news you get through these outlets cannot be any truer. The newspaper with the largest Circulation in India is Dainik Jagran, having near about Two million readers. Next comes Times of India, an English newspaper, followed by Dainik Bhaskar, anotherRead MoreIntangible Asset Accounting and Accounting Policy Selection in the Football Industry85391 Words   |  342 Pagesfrom the transactions of the entity [Davies et al, 1997]. The objectives of financial reporting are laid down in chapter 1 of the Accounting Standards Board s Statement of Principles for Financial Reporting. They are the provision of information about the financial position, performance and financial adaptability of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users for assessing the stewardship of management and for making economic decisions [ASB, 1995b]. It is conceded that financial statements

Marketing Strategies for 3 Idiots free essay sample

Marketing strategies for 3 idiots The days when wall paintings, posters, and hand painted board signs were the most prominent ways for marketing a movie no longer exists. Actors never promoted their films; film-makers never invested a lot of money in promotions and even print media barely created hype. But today’s film industry exhibits a completely different scenario. India is regarded as the world’s largest film industry in terms of the number of movies released per year. Estimates say that more than 1500 movies are releasing in India every year. Of which, Bollywood constitutes a major chunk followed by Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam film industry. Now-a-days, movie production houses and actors are looking for strategic and innovative ways to market their product Aamir Khan has always proved to be a marketing reference. He comes up with a slew of amazing marketing strategies to promote his movies or shows. For all those people out there who wants to explore more on marketing of movies, the way he presented his movie ’3 Idiots’, can be taken as the best example. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategies for 3 Idiots or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They followed a 360 degree plan for promoting the film at various stages. MARKETING  STRATEGY  FOR 3 IDIOTS: * The initial buzz was created with the â€Å"Discover India Tour†, in which he travelled to different parts of the country in a disguised manner and gave away prizes to anyone who recognized him. All these actions were recorded and telecasted. * They created a page on twitter by the name â€Å"Pucca Idiot†. This indeed created a huge buzz and expectation among the audience. * They also got into t-shirt merchandising marketed by pantaloons. Aamir had come up with a range of â€Å"3 Idiots† t-shirts. * Before the movie’s release, they got into an association with gaming portal Zapak. com. they started a gaming website for the movie. (idiotsacademy. zapak. com) * They also got into an association with Reliance ADAG. Reliance Capital even launched ‘All Is Well Life Insurance Plans’, which was the movie punch line. * Apart from these they also used the traditional ways of promoting the movie, like posters, audio launches, trailers on TV and theatres, reality shows, interviews, making of the movie, reviews and previews. Also the controversy between Chetan Bhagat and the movie’s director Rajkumar Hirani created a lot of buzz among the audience. CBFC rating for â€Å"I AM† The national award winning â€Å"I Am†,  is an Indian  anthology film  by  Onir. It consists of four short films: Omar, Afia, Abhimanyu, and Megha. Each film is based on real life stories. There are fou r stories but the characters are interwoven with each story. Abhimanyu is based on  child abuse, Omar on  gay rights, Megha is about  Kashmiri Pandits  and Afia deals with  sperm donation. The CBFC had given this movie a â€Å"U/A† rating, which prohibited the screening of the movie on Doordharshan. The movies to be telecasted on Doordharshan must have a â€Å"U† rating. This got Onir a little worked up, as his movie was put under parental guidance even after removing nearly 5 minutes from the 23 minute movie. He also said that he was not angry with the board but the policies that the board holds. His question was simple. â€Å"If children are being sexually educated, why not show them through movies? â€Å" The CEO of CBFC said that the board cannot be held responsible for the poor exhibition opportunities or lesser commercial gains of a film. CBFC rating for â€Å"Businessman† The blockbuster movie, â€Å"Businessman† by Puri Jagannadh has indeed created quite a scandal at the CBFC. The movie has violated provisions of the Cinematograph Act and the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) has been taken for a ride. This pertains to the title of the movie. The CBFC cleared the movie with the title The Businessman but the filmmakers have dropped The on their own. The publicity of the film was done without the definite article. Such violation publicizing a movie with change in title is an offence and punishable up to three years of imprisonment and also with a fine. Another glaring omission was A certification. A film which is given A certification is meant for only adults. This prompted some activists to lodge a complaint with the police Also, the fact that Mahesh Babu justifies the existence of the mafia in settling problems and even goes to the extent of suggesting that those who do not have a purpose in life would do better to commit suicide rather than be a burden on the earth has created some imbalance.

The Vietnam War (Very Good) Essays - Vietnam War, Ho Chi Minh

The Vietnam War (Very Good) The Vietnam War was a military struggle starting in 1959 and ending in 1975. It began as an attempt by the Vietcong (Communist Guerrillas) to overthrow the Southern Vietnam Government. This research paper will discuss the Vietnam War, US involvement in this war, and significant battles. Following the surrender of Japan to the Allies in August 1945, Vietminh guerrillas seized the capital city of Hanoi and forced the abdication of Emperor Bao Dai. On September 2 they declared Vietnam to be independent and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, commonly called North Vietnam, with Ho Chi Minh as president. France officially recognized the new state, but the subsequent inability of the Vietminh and France to reach satisfactory political and economic agreements led to armed conflict beginning in December 1946. ?Northern Vietnam was determined to gain it's freedom? (Davis 12). With French backing Bao Dai set up the state of Vietnam, commonly called South Vietnam, on July 1, 1949, and established a new capital at Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City). ?Where as the Southern Vietnam government seemed content to be a sort of a colony? (Davis 12). The following year, the U.S. officially recognized the Saigon government, and to assist it. President Harry S. Truman dispatched a military assistance advisory group to train South Vietnam in the use of U.S. weapons. In April 1961, a treaty of amity and economic relations was signed with South Vietnam, and in December, President John F. Kennedy pledged to help South Vietnam maintain its independence. Subsequently, U.S. economic and military assistance to the Diem government increased significantly. In December 1961, the first U.S. troops, consisting of 400 uniformed army personnel, arrived in Saigon in order to operate two helicopter companies; the U.S. proclaimed, however, that the troops were not combat units as such. A year later, U.S. military strength in Vietnam stood at 11,200. By the end of 1965 American combat strength was nearly 200,000. In February 1965, U.S. planes began regular bombing raids over North Vietnam. A halt was ordered in May in the hope of initiating peace talks, but when North Vietnam rejected all negotiations, the bombings were resumed. From February 1965 to the end of all-out U.S. involvement in 1973, South Vietnamese forces mainly fought against the Vietcong guerrillas. While U.S. and allied troops fought the North Vietnamese in a war of attrition marked by battles in such places as the Ia Dang Valley, Dak To, Loc Ninh, and Khe Sanh-all victories for the non-Communist forces. During his 1967-68 campaign, the North Vietnamese strategist, Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, launched the famous Tet offensive, a coordinated series of fierce attacks on more than 100 urban targets. Despite its devastating psychological effect, the campaign, which Giap hoped would be successful, failed, and Vietcong forces were ultimately driven back from most of the positions they had gained. In the fighting, North Vietnam lost 85,000 of its best troops. In 1969, within a few months after taking office, Johnson's successor, President Richard M. Nixon, announced that 25,000 U. S. troops would be withdrawn from Vietnam by August 1969. Another cut of 65,000 troops was ordered by the end of the year. The program, known as Vietnamization of the war, came into effect, as President Nixon emphasized additional responsibilities of the South Vietnamese. Neither the U.S. troop reduction nor the death of North Vietnamese President Ho Chi Minh, on Sept. 3, served to break the stalemate in Paris; the North Vietnamese delegates insisted upon complete U.S. withdrawal as a condition for peace. In April 1970, U.S. combat troops entered Cambodia following the occurrence there of a political coup. Within three months, the U.S. campaign in Cambodia ended, ?It was as if the American military had just gone into Cambodia to waist time? (Davis 53), but air attacks on North Vietnam were renewed. By 1971 South Vietnamese forces were playing an increasing role in the war, fighting in both Cambodia and Laos as well as in South Vietnam. At this point, however, the Paris talks and the war itself were overshadowed by the presidential election in South Vietnam. The chief contestants were Nguyen Van Thieu, who was running for reelection, Vice-President Nguyen Cao Ky, and Gen.