Reading Skills Essay Example for Free

Reading Skills Essay Reading daily, Reading deeply, Reading widely are the few important skills of reading from which we can enhance our understanding of passage, ameliorate our vocabulary, correct our grammatical mistakes, increase our thinking capacity and helps in improving or learning any part of a language. The more you read the one thing you realize the key to doing well in the examination, and the key to perform or present any task in a well equipped way. There are many techniques used in reading to get and understand whole idea or summary of the passage to improve reading. But few important skills of reading are given below to improve reading. 1. Styles of reading 2. Active reading 3. A tip for speeding up your active reading 4. Spotting authors navigation aids 5. Words and vocabulary [pic]1. Styles of reading There are three styles of reading which we use in different situations: Scanning: Scanning is what you do to find an answer to a specific question. You may run your eyes quickly down the page in a zigzag or winding S pattern. If you are looking for a name, you note capital letters. For a date, you look for numbers. Vocabulary words may be boldfaced or italicized. When you scan for information, you read only what is needed. Its useful to scan parts of texts to see if theyre going to be useful to you: †¢ the introduction or preface of a book †¢ the first or last paragraphs of chapters †¢ the concluding chapter of a book. Skimming: for getting the gist of something Skimming is covering the chapter to get some of the main ideas and a general overview of the material. It is what you do first when reading a chapter assignment. You don’t read for details at this point. Here is how you skim a chapter: . To preview a passage before you read it in detail  · Read the first paragraph of the chapter line by line.  · Next, read all the bold print headings starting at the beginning.  · Read the first sentence of every paragraph.  · Study any pictures, graphs, charts, and maps.  · Finally, read the last paragraph of the chapter. As you skim, you could write down the main ideas and develop a chapter outline. Detailed reading: for extracting information accurately Where you read every word, and work to learn from the text. In this careful reading, you may find it helpful to skim first, to get a general idea, but then go back to read in detail. Use a dictionary to make sure you understand all the words used. [pic]2. Active reading When youre reading for your course, you need to make sure youre actively involved with the text. Its a waste of your time to just passively read, the way youd read a thriller on holiday. Always make notes to keep up your concentration and understanding. Here are four tips for active reading. Underlining and highlighting Pick out what you think are the most important parts of what you are reading. Do this with your own copy of texts or on photocopies, not with borrowed books. If you are a visual learner, youll find it helpful to use different colours to highlight different aspects of what youre reading. Note key words Record the main headings as you read. Use one or two keywords for each point. When you dont want to mark the text, keep a folder of notes you make while reading. Questions Before you start reading something like an article, a chapter or a whole book, prepare for your reading by noting down questions you want the material to answer. While youre reading, note down questions which the author raises. Summaries Pause after youve read a section of text. Then: 1. put what youve read into your own words; 2. skim through the text and check how accurate your summary is and 3.fill in any gaps. [pic]3. A tip for speeding up your active reading You should learn a huge amount from your reading. If you read passively, without learning, youre wasting your time. So train your mind to learn. Try the SQ3R technique. First developed by researchers at Ohio State University, SQ3R is a useful technique for absorbing written information. It helps you to create a good mental framework of a subject, into which you can fit the right facts. It helps you to set study goals and prompts you to use the review techniques that will help you to remember. The acronym SQ3R stands for the five sequential techniques you should use to read a book: Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review. Survey Gather the information you need to focus on the work and set goals: †¢ Read the title to help prepare for the subject †¢ Read the introduction or summary to see what the author thinks are the key points †¢ Notice the boldface headings to see what the structure is †¢ Notice any maps, graphs or charts. They are there for a purpose †¢ Notice the reading aids, italics, bold face, questions at the end of the chapter. They are all there to help you understand and remember. Question  Help your mind to engage and concentrate. Your mind is engaged in learning when it is actively looking for answers to questions. Make questions that can be answered during the reading of the material. This will give a purpose to your reading. Take a heading and turn it into a question. For example, if a heading in a chapter about Cell Division is in your biology text, make a question by turning the title around: â€Å"How does cell division occur? † or â€Å"How many steps are involved in cell division? † Read Read the first section with your questions in mind. Now you read the material trying to find answers to your questions. This is a careful reading, line by line. You may want to take notes or make flashcards. Recall As you read, look away from your book and notes and try to answer your questions. This checks your learning and helps put that information in your memory. After each section, stop and think back to your questions. See if you can answer them from memory. If not, take a look back at the text. Do this as often as you need to.. Review To check your memory, scan portions of the material or your notes to verify your answers. Review the material and note the main points under each heading. This review step helps you retain the material. The SQ3R method is just one technique that can be used to retain information you collect while reading. Students learn in different ways. Therefore they should be aware of their learning styles. Knowing whether you are an Auditory (learn by hearing), Visual (learn by seeing) or Kinesthetic (hands-on) learner helps you to understand your best learning environment. The SQ3R technique of reading can help to enhance your reading skills no matter what your style is. [pic]4. Spotting authors navigation aids Learn to recognize sequence signals, for example: Three advantages of or A number of methods are available leads you to expect several points to follow. The first sentence of a paragraph will often indicate a sequence:† One important cause of followed by Another important factor and so on, until The final cause of General points are often illustrated by particular examples, for example: General: Birds beaks are appropriately shaped for feeding. Particular: Sparrows and other seed-eating birds have short, stubby beaks; wrens and other insect eaters have thin pointed beaks; herons and other fish hunters have long, sharp beaks for spearing their prey. Whatever you are reading, be aware of the authors background. It is important to recognize the bias given to writing by a writers political, religious, social background. Learn which newspapers and journals represent a particular standpoint [pic]5. Words and vocabulary When youre a graduate people expect you to use a vocabulary which is wider than a school-leavers. To expand your vocabulary: Choose a large dictionary rather than one which is ‘compact or ‘concise. You want one which is big enough to define words clearly and helpfully (around 1,500 pages is a good size). Avoid dictionaries which send you round in circles by just giving synonyms. A pocket dictionary might suggest: ‘impetuous = rash. A more comprehensive dictionary will tell you that impetuous means ‘rushing with force and violence, while another gives ‘liable to act without consideration, and add to your understanding by giving the derivation ‘14th century, from late Latin impetuous = violent. It will tell you that rash means ‘acting without due consideration or thought, and is derived from Old High German rasc = hurried. So underlying these two similar words is the difference between violence and hurrying. There are over 600,000 words in the Oxford English Dictionary; most of them have different meanings, (only a small proportion is synonyms). Avoid dictionaries which send you round in circles by using very complicated language to define the term youre looking up, leaving you struggling to understand half a dozen new words. Keep your dictionary at hand when youre studying. Look up unfamiliar words and work to understand what they mean. Improve your vocabulary by reading widely. Reading skills in a precis form Comprehensions Reading comprehension is a basic skill that each college student must possess. Believe it or not, reading is a complex, accrued skill—not acquired overnight learning to read and comprehend takes practice. Comprehension involves obtaining information from written text. A reader who comprehends a text accurately understands what the writer intended to communicate. She understands the purpose and the main idea. Comprehension cannot be observed directly, but a reader who is able to retell, paraphrase or summarize a text demonstrates comprehension. Interpretation †¢ When a reader interprets a text, he is employing a critical thinking strategy. He uses evidence and clues from the text to draw conclusions and looks for larger or more universal principals in what he has read. Interpretation requires going beyond the initial impression of what he has read to develop a more complex and complete understanding. Analysis †¢ When a reader analyzes the text, she identifies the assumptions of the writer and examines the structure of the argument. She asks questions such as, Does the evidence support the argument? and Does it support the conclusions the writer draws? She is looking for evidence of a logical and/or consistent argument. Synthesis †¢ With synthesis, the skilled reader is able to show how a text develops or builds meaning. He sorts out and reconstructs ideas in a text to point out how they are interrelated. He compares and extends meaning from multiple sources. Evaluation †¢ Evaluation, determining the quality and effectiveness of a text, is the highest level of critical thinking associated with reading, according to Lesley Thompson, Senior Assessment and Accountability Program Associate at the Northwest Regional Education Laboratory. An effective reader evaluates the merit of the text by drawing on her own experience and knowledge and considering whether other sources provide evidence that agrees with or contradicts the writers argument.

Color Purple :: essays research papers

The book called The Color Purple shows many of the topics discussed in class, but for the purpose of this paper I would like to discuss three aspects that are the most concerning and disturbing. The concept of the body, reproduction, and violence shown through the novel are the most prominent and key concerns seen in this literature selection that I would like to analyze in this expository essay. Beginning with the concept of the body, The Color Purple portrays a very graphic portrayal from the first pages. â€Å"She ugly† (Walker, 9). This gives the feel that the men have high standards of the women that are seen in this story of Black Southern Women. This also can be seen when Celie (the main character) holds on to a picture of Shug Avery (the woman she lets her husband have an affair with) because she is so beautiful. These are ideals seen in our culture as a whole. Women holding onto pictures of women in magazines and posters lead to the idea that the airbrushed picture is attainable and that is what the women of the world need to look like. The forerunner of this is visualized when this is what the men look at in their magazines. The view that men have of women is one of this sexual being waiting to be had. Celie holding onto this picture is the same as a woman today buying a magazine that appeals to her inferior parts. â€Å"I’m not as pretty or as smart†(10) is played on throughout the book as well as in our culture. Women of the world today need to be attractive to be someone, or so it seems. The same way Celie is a barefoot and pregnant housewife living her fantasy of a singer that is attractive. The epitome of the quotes that shows the sexuality associated with a women’s body is â€Å"right down there in your *censored* is a little button that gits real hot when you do you know what with somebody† (81). This allows the feeling of vulgarity in someone’s mind today, because talk of this sort is discounted. Throu gh this following quote it continues with other vulgarities that society does not accept â€Å"I kiss her back†¦Then us touch each other† (118). Mainly, because female sexuality as a whole is discounted and seen as a negative portrayal of our home lives.

Health Care Information Systems Essay

Health Care Information Systems Terms Define the following terms. Your definitions must be in your own words; do not copy them from the textbook. After you define each term, describe in 40 to 60 words the health care setting in which each term would be applied. Include at least two research sources to support your position—one from the University Library and the other from the textbook. Cite your sources in the References section consistent with APA guidelines. |Term |Definition |How It Is Used in Health Care | |Health Insurance Portability and |This is a federal law that was passed in |HIPAA is used in Health care to help keep | |Accountability Act |1996 that will protect the continuousness |patient information private and secure. | | |of health coverage when a patient changes |HIPPA ensures that all patient health | | |or loses their job which can limit the |information is being stored in a secure | | |health plan exclusions for preexisting |location and only authorized staff should | | |medical conditions that require the patient|be able to access this information. If this| | |medical information to be kept private and |information is not protected the health | | |secure. |care organization can face fines and | | | |penalties (Wager,, Lee,, Glaser,, & Burns,,| | | |2009). This term will be applied to the | | | |whole health care facility. | |Electronic medical record  |Is an electronic record of a patient’s |The electronic medic al record will be used | | |health related information which can be |in the health care setting each and every | | |created, gathered, and managed by |time the patient visits the health care | | |authorized clinicians and staff within the |organization. This is how providers are | | |health care organization. |able to keep up with the services and | | | |procedures that patients receive every time| | | |they are seen by a provider. This term will| | | |be used I billing and coding and | | | |departments as well as medical records that| | | |may need to check patient status or | | | |allergies. | |Electronic health record |Is an electronic record of health related |The electronic health record is a record | | |information on an individual that conforms |that can be seen at multiple health care | | |to nationally recognized health information|facilities at one time. When this | | |standards and that can be created, managed,|information is sent to different providers | | |and revised by authorized staff in more |it is encrypted in the event someone that | | |than one location. |is not authorized has access to it they | | | |will not get patient information that | | | |should be private. | |Personal health record |Is an electronic record of health related |Personal health record is the health  record| | |information on a patient. This information |of the patient which the patient has | | |can come from different facilities that |control over. The patient can get health | | |the patient may have been seen at. And the |information from different providers and | | |information can be managed, shared, and |share this information as they see fit. The| | |controlled by the patient. |personal health record may have some health| | | |information that the patient may feel the | | | |new provider does not need to see in order | | | |to treat them. This will be for the patient| | | |to disclose with the provider and then the | | | |provider may add this information to the | | | |patients chart. | |Computerized provider order entry system |Is a system that allows users to |This computerized provider entry system | | |electronically write orders, maintain the |lets providers monitor the patient’s | | |online medication administration record, |medication distribution. Providers and | | |and go over changes made to an order by |authorized staff are able to write | | |authorized personnel. |prescriptions for patients and track | | | |previous prescriptions. Providers will be | | | |able to see how long it’s been since they | | | |filled a p rescription for a patient. This | | |  |will be applied at the health care | | | |organization. | |Unique patient identifier |Is a system that uses information such as |The unique patient identifier lets | | |the patient’s date of birth to create a |provider’s look at patient health care | | |unique code that is reported instead of the|information without having to use patient | | |patient’s name. |personal information to identify them. This| | | |helps the organization stay in compliance | | | |since according to HIPAA all patient | | | |information must be secure and kept | | | |private. This will be used any place in the| | | |health care organization where a patient’s | | | |chart will need to pulled or looked up. | |Protected health information |Is any identifiable health information. |Protected health information is the | | |Individually identifiable health |patient’s personal information such as date| | |information is that which can be linked to |of birth social sec urity number and even | | |a particular person such as date of birth, |their address where they reside. This | | |address, and social security number. |information needs to be in a secure | | | |location at all times. The data entry | | | |person will have access to this information| | | |as well as the billers and coders in a | |  | |health care organization. | |Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services |Is a federal agency within the United |The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid | | |States Department of Health and Human |Services set the pace on how and what other| | |Services that administers the Medicare |insurance companies will be expected to | | |program and work in Medicaid. |cover depending on the patients plan. This | | | |will be used all over the health care | | | |facility to make sure everyone is always in| | | |compliance with state and federal laws. | |Covered entities |Is three specific groups including health |With covered entities this will apply to | | |plans, health care, clearinghouses, and |anyone who is authorized to access patient | | |health care providers that transmit health |information and is sharing patient health | | |information electronically. |with other parties inside and outside of | | | |the health care organization. Is | | | |information is used inappropriately the | | | |health care organization will be | | | |responsible and could face penalties and | | | |fines. | |Health information exchange |Is the process of sharing electronic health|Health information exchange can happen when| | |information between health care |two health care organizations or facilities| | |organizations. When sharing this |need to share information about a patient | | |information staff should make sure they are|(Morrisey, 2011). Depending on how the | | |sharing in a way that will protect the |information is sent it must be encrypted so| | |confidentiality and privacy of the patient.|hackers are able to identify the | | | |information being transferred. | | | | | | | | | References Morrisey, J. (2011). Health Information Exchange. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/854861185?accountid=35 812 Wager,, K., Lee,, F.W., Glaser,, J.P., & Burns,, L.R. (2009). Health Care Information Systems. A Practical Approach for health Care Management (2nd ed.). Retrieved from .

The History of Early and Modern Screws and Screwdrivers

A screw is any shaft with a corkscrew-shaped groove formed on its surface. Screws are used to fasten two objects together. A screwdriver is a tool for driving (turning) screws; screwdrivers have a tip that fits into the head of a screw. Early Screws Around the first century CE, screw-shaped tools became common, however, historians do not know who invented the first. Early screws were made from wood and were used in wine presses, olive oil presses, and for pressing clothes. Metal screws and nuts used to fasten two objects together first appeared in the fifteenth century. In 1770, English instrument maker, Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800) invented the first satisfactory screw-cutting lathe, and went on to inspire other inventors. In 1797, Englishman Henry Maudslay (1771–1831) invented a large screw-cutting lathe that made it possible to mass-produce accurately sized screws. In 1798, American machinist David Wilkinson (1771–1652) also invented machinery for the mass production of threaded metal screws. Robertson Screw In 1908, square-drive screws were invented by Canadian P. L. Robertson (1879–1951), 28 years before Henry Phillips patented his Phillips head screws, which are also square-drive screws. The Robertson screw is considered the first recess-drive type fastener practical for production usage. The design became a North American standard, as published in the Industrial Fasteners Institute Book of Fastener Standards. A square-drive head on a screw is an improvement over the slot head because the screwdriver will not slip out of the screws head during installation. The early 20th century Model T car made by the Ford Motor Company (one of Robertsons first customers) used over seven hundred Robertson screws. Phillips Head Screw and Other Improvements In the early 1930s, the Phillips head screw was invented by Oregon businessman Henry Phillips (1889–1958). Automobile manufacturers now used car assembly lines. They needed screws that could take greater torque and could provide tighter fastenings. The Phillips head screw was compatible with the automated screwdrivers used in an assembly line. A hexagonal or hex screw head has a hexagonal hole turned by an Allen key. An Allen key (or Allen wrench) is a hexagonally shaped turning tool (wrench), was first produced by William G. Allen of the Allen Manufacturing Company in Connecticut; who patented it first debatable. In 1744, the flat-bladed bit for the carpenters brace was invented, the precursor to the first simple screwdriver. Handheld screwdrivers first appeared after 1800. Types of Screws Myriad types of screws have been invented to perform specific tasks. A cap screw has a convex head, usually hexagonal, designed to be driven by a spanner or wrench.The wood  screw has a tapered shaft allowing it to penetrate the undrilled  wood.The machine screw has a cylindrical shaft and fits into a nut or a tapped hole, a small bolt.The self-tapping  screw has a cylindrical shaft and a sharp thread that cuts its own hole, often used in sheet metal or plastic.A drywall screw is a specialized self-tapping screw with a cylindrical shaft that has proved to have uses far beyond its original application.The set screw has no head at all and is designed to be inserted flush with or below the surface of the work piece.The double-ended  screw is a wood-screw with two pointed ends and no head. It is used for making hidden joints between two pieces of wood. Shapes of Screw Head Pan head: disc with a chamfered outer edgeCheesehead: disc with a cylindrical  outer edgeCountersunk: conical, with flat outer face and tapering inner face allowing it to sink into the material, very common for wood screwsButton or dome head screw: flat inner face and hemispherical outer faceMirror screw head: countersunk head with a tapped hole to receive a separate screw-in chrome-plated cover; used for attaching mirrors Types of Screw Drive A variety of tools  exists  to drive screws into the material to be fixed. The hand tools used to drive slot-headed and cross-headed screws  are  called screwdrivers. A power tool that does the same job is a power screwdriver. The hand-tool for driving cap screws and other types is called a spanner (U.K. usage) or wrench (U.S. usage). Slot head screws are driven by a flat-bladed screwdriver.Cross-head or Phillips screws have an X-shaped slot and are driven by a cross-head screwdriver, designed originally in the 1930s for use with mechanical screwing machines, intentionally made so the driver will ride out, or cam out, under strain to prevent over-tightening.The Pozidriv is an improved Phillips head screw, and it has its own screwdriver, similar to cross-head but with better resistance to slipping, or cam-out.Hexagonal or hex screw heads have a hexagonal hole and are driven by a hexagonal wrench, sometimes called an Allen  key or a power tool with a hexagonal bit.Robertson drive head screws have a square hole and are driven by a special power-tool bit or screwdriver (this is a low-cost version of the hex head for domestic use).Torx head screws have a splined socket and receive a driver with a splined shaft.Tamper-proof  Torxs drive sockets have a projection to prevent a standard  Torx  driver being inserted .Tri-Wing screws were used by Nintendo on its  Gameboys, and dont have a driver associated with them, which has discouraged even minor home repairs to the units. Nuts Nuts are square, round, or hexagonal metal blocks with a screw thread on the inside. Nuts help fasten objects together and are used with screws or bolts.   Sources and Further Information Industrial Fasteners Institute. IFI Book of Fastener Standards. 10th ed. Independence OH: Industrial Fasteners Institute, 2018.  Rybczynski, Witold. One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw. New York: Scribner, 2000.