Management and Cost Accounting for Leadership- myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theManagement and Cost Accounting for Leadership. Answer: The foundation of Woolworths can be expressed as it is the longest store chain from Australia. Working in excess of 1990 stores all over Australia, the organization maintains its business through 11,500 colleagues with appropriation focuses, stores and the help workplaces for giving the clients wide scope of administrations, accommodation, worth and predominant administrations. As it falls under the most imaginative Australian retailers, the organization is very much aware about the way that the clients consistently search for straightforward and new path for delivery and in like manner furnish the clients with agreeable experience of shopping (Woolworths.com.au 2017). The organization perceives the cost initiative methodology as the activity set for conveying or delivering the administrations or products at limited expense when contrasted with the contenders alongside different adequate highlights to the clients. To get most extreme yield at the limited cost, the organization created deal up/costs down methodology for most recent couple of years that were intended to diminish cost related to creation and Woolworths effectively applied the techniques to bring down their costs (Mortimer and Ingersoll 2015). Taking a gander at the fiscal report of the organization, it tends to be recognized that the expense of products sold of the organization is legitimately related with the expansion or decline in the business level. Notwithstanding, the expense of doing the business for the year 2016 is higher when contrasted with the business level as it came to $ 13,074.5 million when contrasted with $ 12,702.4 million of every 2014. Taking a gander at the lease costs it is recognized that the lease of the organization is in expanding pattern and from $ 1898.70 million out of 2014 it went up to $ 2033.9 million of every 2016. Notwithstanding, the organization had the option to make installment of its acquiring during the year that decreased the money cost of the organization during 2016 to $ 207.7 million from $ 218.9 million out of 2014 (Woolworths.com.au 2017). The cost authority approach is utilized by the organization for cost decrease as to the working cost like in the nick of time approach. This system is utilized for dealing with the items in the flexibly chain for diminishing the wastage cost and capacity cost through creation the products accessible to the retailers precisely when they require the merchandise. To execute the technique effectively the organization is required to actualize the cost recharging approach proficiently for estimating the normal interest for the future time frame. The advantages of this system will decrease by and large expense through removing the capacity cost and wastages and expanding the edge of benefit (Klein 2017). In any case, the essential difficulties that the organization faces here is the long scope of separation among providers and stores as the providers of Woolworth is dispersed all over Australia. Aside from this, the capacity costs are required to rise if the arrangement of expectation gives terrible showing (Fernie and Sparks 2014). There are different social advantages and worth augmentations through limiting the losses as it convey the ordinary chances to the networks and the cost gauge and financial plan of the organization can be set up as follows Points of interest 2017-18 ($ m) 2018-19 ($ m) 2019-20 ($ m) Planned deals 39,000.00 40,950.00 42,997.50 Less: cost of products sold 30,030.00 31,941.00 32,248.13 Net benefit 8,970.00 9,009.00 10,749.38 Costs Deterioration on fixed resource 170.00 182.00 178.00 Amortization of impalpable resources 25.00 28.00 32.00 Representative compensation and the on-cost costs 4,200.00 4,700.00 4,600.00 Superannuation costs 720.00 610.00 680.00 Costs towards share-based installments 120.00 110.00 90.00 Least rent installments 1,200.00 900.00 1,400.00 Other working costs 400.00 670.00 320.00 All out Expenses 6,835.00 7,200.00 7,300.00 Net benefit before intrigue and duty 2,135.00 1,809.00 3,449.38 Less: intrigue costs 560.00 410.00 730.00 Net benefit before charge 1,575.00 1,399.00 2,719.38 Less: Tax costs 614.25 517.63 1,087.75 Benefit after expense 960.75 881.37 1,631.63 From the above financial plan, the presentation of the organization can be broke down as that the deals of the organization will increment by 5% throughout the following 3 years and the expense of divine beings sold will be 77% and 78% for the year 2018-19 and 2019-20. Nonetheless, the organization is required to lessen the COGS and get it to 75% 2019-20 (Santos et al. 2015). Further, the devaluation costs of the organization will increment during 2018-19 when contrasted with 2017-18 as the organization is hoping to buy another machine for the production line. The amortization costs will be in the expanding pattern. Further, the superannuation costs of the organization are relied upon to lessen during 2018-19 as scarcely any representatives are resigning in the earlier year (Arli et al. 2013). It tends to be noted from the spending that the costs that are relied upon to increment in 2018-19 when contrasted with 2017-18 are required to be diminished by the organization during 20129-20 .therefore, it very well may be said that the organization will find a way to limit the cost at every possible opportunity. From the above investigation it very well may be inferred that Woolworths is one of the confided in brands in Australia in the retail division and the organization faces elevated level of rivalry owing the accessibility of the substitute items. In any case, the organization can accomplish upper hands over its rivals through contribution the items at lower cost, which is conceivable through minimization of wastages and abridging the costs, at every possible opportunity. Subsequently, the organization is prescribed to expand the scope of items later on years. For example, Woolworths turned out to be progressively effective in the wake of assuming control over the alcohol store from Dan Murphy for conveying the new item run in a similar market for drawing in new clients. This was a decent procedure to accomplish upper hand in a develop advertise like Australian retail showcase. Alongside decreasing the wastages and cost, the organization is additionally recommended to give the networks their necessities and inclinations where they work. Reference Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R. what's more, Soldo, E., 2013. Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in flexibly chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura,16(1). Fernie, J. what's more, Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail the executives: developing issues and new difficulties in the retail flexibly chain. Kogan page distributers. Klein, M., 2017. African retail darlings.Personal Finance Newsletter,2017(435), pp.14-15. Mortimer, D. what's more, Ingersoll, L., 2015. The effect of deregulation on work relations in the Australian retail industry.Employment Relations Record,15(2), p.43. Santos, M.D., Svensson, G., Padin, C. what's more, Hgevold, N.M., 2015. Corporate hazard presentation by actualizing manageable strategic policies an African case.International Journal of Logistics Economics and Globalisation,6(3), pp.223-235. Woolworths.com.au. (2017). Woolworths.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au/[Accessed 13 Oct. 2017].

Analysis of Rule of the Bone by Russell Banks

Presentation The epic Rule of the Bone by Russell Banks features different subjects that identify with parenthood and youngsters childhood. The hero, Chappie is an ideal youngster whose criminal attitude starts at childhood.Advertising We will compose a custom book survey test on Analysis of ‘Rule of the Bone’ by Russell Banks explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Banks utilizes Chappie to feature the subject of family establishment and the impacts of poor parenthood. This book survey examines Banks’ point of view on the family. The paper likewise features the disappointments and accomplishments of family in instilling esteems in their kids. Author’s Perspective on Family From the beginning, the creator brings up the significance of the family organization in teaching the correct ethics to youngsters. As indicated by Banks, Chappie’s family is broken. His dad left his mom when he was as yet a little fellow matured five years and seld om sends help to the family. In spite of the fact that she could have sued his dad for neglecting to send provision for his child, she doesn't need him in prison. The reason is that the help would not be imminent regardless during his prison term. Furthermore, she doesn't need Chappie to turn into the â€Å"laughing stock† in their town if his dad turns into a criminal. All things considered, Chappie’s mother neglected to sue his organic dad who at the time was locked in to Rosalie and had abandoned his parental commitments. Furthermore, his mom gets hitched to Ken whom as indicated by the hero is a heavy drinker who has made his mom to start drinking. His reference to Chappie as ‘him’ shows his absence of enthusiasm for the childhood of his embraced youngster. Without a doubt, Chappie develops to accept that he has a place with his mom in spite of the conviction that his stepfather contributed significantly to his life. In that capacity, the writer utiliz es the opening of the novel to show the effect of a messed up home on a child.Advertising Looking for book audit on american writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The creator holds the viewpoint that the family is fundamental for home’s solidness and basic to childhood of an adolescent. Because of poor child rearing, Chappie loses all sense of direction in the realm of medications and bombs in school. For sure, he infrequently goes to class and perspectives school’s discipline as a chance to proceed to get high close by Russ and the bikers (Banks 12). His family appears to be frightened by his inability to finish his tests yet infrequently follows up on his communication designs. At his age, he smokes high measures of weed that a mindful parent will rush to notice and offer direction. In any case, Banks says the family speculates that he is on drugs however shows no goal of arranging an exit from the univer se of medications (13). It is clear that the creator delineates Chappie’s family as incapable to deal with him and offers him ‘independence’ that he longs for at a youthful age. As each youngster would bear witness to, opportunity from their parents’ rules and guidelines is a significant part of their lives that they feel is overemphasized. The creator hence utilizes this stage to show the impact of uncontrolled feeling of self-sufficiency among young people. Because of expanded feeling of opportunity, Chappie neglects to see his life past medications. The creator anyway doesn't censure him for his misguided thinking. In actuality, he shows that the disappointment of his family to give quality upbrinbging has made Chappie a ‘junkie’ who battles to make the wisest decision however has just disguised a part of culpability inside him. Banks contends that Chappie had lost his way at six years old years (14). This is an age that the guardians would consistently be in charge of their youngsters, which is not true anymore in the novel. In spite of his unbecoming conduct, his mom and Ken set up with him and neglect to give the necessary direction to his life. There are different examples that his family sabotages the estimation of legitimate parenthood. In the first place, Ken and his mom trait his disappointment in the instruction framework to his powerlessness to settle on the correct decisions. They censure his disappointment yet find a way to upgrade his instructive achievement (17). Moreover, the writer is on point to show that Chappie’s robbery of gift coins of his grandma isn't very much dealt with regards to his family.Advertising We will compose a custom book survey test on Analysis of ‘Rule of the Bone’ by Russell Banks explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More His mom just figures out how to cry while Ken utilizes savagery to affirm his feelings. They don't perceive the degree of depen dence that is in Chappie. Likewise, when Chappie is found shoplifting, her mom encourages him out and also, she surrenders to the requests of her child who requests twenty dollars to get high on weed (Banks13). Banks is on point for featuring the materialistic part of family establishments. Chappie is kicked out of his home by his folks and looks for shelter in Russ’s house. Regardless of his conduct, he realizes that how generally will be acknowledged go into the family. He purchases costly Christmas presents for his mom and Ken. At the point when he carries the presents to them, they neglect his culpability and welcome him home (Banks 23). As such, his family accepts that Christmas presents brought by Chappie mirror his improved conduct. The creator evaluates this trait of the family. The job of the guardians as indicated by Banks has diminished to realism and fixation on presents and blessings from their youngsters. They don't think about the wellspring of the presents, ra ther they promptly acknowledge them and for this situation, welcome Chappie to remain with them. Banks isn't totally frustrated with Chappie all through the novel. This is on the grounds that he gets an elective family that furnishes him with the capacity to change prompting his accomplishment in Jamaica. His relationship with Russ and the bikers is more satisfying as a perfect family than it is with his mom and stepfather. At the point when he is kicked out of his home, Russ offers him a spot to rest while Hector encourages him to be on his feet by giving him weed to sell (Banks 57). It is here that his association with the bikers gets clear and he can modify his life. Despite the fact that the bikers betrayed him and denied him a spot to rest, he abandons a miscreant to a legend. As indicated by Banks, he spares the life of a young lady in the lanes and expect a positive character despite the fact that it is as yet implanted in guiltiness (73). All things considered, the creator s ees a perfect family as equipped for distinguishing the correct stage for their kids to flourish. For this situation, Chappie gets it in a domain of drugs.Advertising Searching for book audit on american writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Job of Family in Child Upbringing It is likewise worth referencing that the author’s perspective with respect to a family has exchanged radically all through the novel. Toward the end, Bone is effective and lives like a lord in Jamaica. He can declare his choices on the snap of companions that he holds. Without a doubt, this denotes his drop out with Russ whom for since quite a while ago had expected the job of authority (Banks 139). In the arrangement of experiences that result, Bone conducts himself with pride prompting the evident reliance of characters like Rose on him. In spite of the author’s delineation of poor child rearing as a causative factor of criminal mindset, he depicts Bone in the second piece of the book as effective in his endeavors to stop medicates and evade terrible impacts (Banks 142). Banks along these lines underplays the job of the family in the inevitable achievement of a person. Bone speaks to this affirmation as in he once in a while relies u pon his family to get free. The job of the family limits to demonstrating a youngster his/out of culpability. Be that as it may, similar families have for a really long time been oblivious of their children’s exercises. Chappie’s family gives a ground to kid misuse and carelessness. His stepfather explicitly, truly and mentally manhandles him in a horde of cases (Banks 14). Combined with his pestering mother, Chappie’s odds of turning into a capable and a persistent young person are tremendously decreased. With that in mind, the book depicts family as a foundation that is negative to government assistance of a youngster if not all around oversaw. Bone discovers out from packs and it turns out to be evident that his family was the wellspring of his burdens. This further attests the creators observation that family organization isn't hugely vital for progress. Despite Bone’s achievement, pundits would call attention to that it is installed in guiltiness and criminal operations. He sells weed when living in the lanes and takes part in exercises, for example, shoplifting that obviously portrays him as a freak individual from any general public. This infers subsequently that the observation that Banks makes when he portrays Bone as a pointer of achievement is a long way from the real world. He ascends by driving road evildoers since he is one of them. I-Man is a case of a character whose conviction in Rastafarianism had driven him to illicit drug use yet he stays a nearby accomplice of Bone. Consequently, the job of family organization is enhanced as Bone prevails as an evildoer, which isn't thought of and celebrated by society. In any case, self-assurance and self †acknowledgment are the conduct qualities that the creator brings up as fundamental for disregarding culpability. Synopsis In aggregate, Banks declares that the contemporary family organization can't adapt to young people. This is because of its attributes that incorporat e viciousness, liquor addiction, realism and absence of adoration. In the novel, they have encouraged Chappie to be free and settle on liberal decisions. All things considered, Chappieâ€

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Blind Dates at the Stanford GSB

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Blind Dates at the Stanford GSB When you select an MBA program, you are not just choosing your learning environment, but are also committing to becoming part of a community. Each Thursday, we offer a window into life “beyond the MBA classroom” at a top business school. The Blind Date program  at the Stanford Graduate School of Business was established in 2010â€"2011  to help students meet and get to know more of their classmates. “You sign up to say, for example, I’m available for coffee at the following times and want to meet two new people,” explained a first year with whom we spoke. “Then an algorithm matches people. You might know them, you might not, but it’s a good way to meet people. I now know 250â€"300 people in my class, in just eight months. This was a student-initiated activity by one guy in the class [of 2012] who knows computer programming and is very social.” For in-depth descriptions of social and community activities at the Stanford GSB and other top MBA programs, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Beyond the MBA Classroom Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business)

Hollywood Studios And The Movie Industry Essay - 1353 Words

Many Hollywood studios were prosperous in the international movie industry. These studios improved American Films and continue to be affluent today. Hollywood was the birthplace of movie studios, which were of great importance to America’s public image in the movie industry. The earliest and most affluent film companies were Warner Brothers Pictures, Paramount, RKO, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, and 20th Century Fox, each of whom owned their own film production sets and studios. Universal, United, and Columbia Pictures were also considered noteworthy, despite not owning their own theaters, while Disney, Monogram, and Republic were considered third-tier. (History Cooperative) These studios composed â€Å"The Big Five†, the film studios that controlled Hollywood for over fifty years and distributed an estimated 90% of Fiction films around the world: Warner Brothers Pictures (WBO), Paramount, RKO (Radio-Keith-Orpheum), Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM), and 20th Century Fox. These studios were similar, but they had some unique traits that defined their studios such as MGM’s iconic lion roar introduction and Paramount’s greatest stars of the 1920s with Rudolph Valentino, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks. With an enormous public image, these studios managed to earn millions and improved the film industry in America. Due to the enormous success of â€Å"The Big Five†, other studios such as Universal, United, and Columbia Pictures were overshadowed and struggled to persevere in the film industry.Show MoreRelatedA Brief History of the Film Industry1268 Words   |  5 PagesFilm industry is a group of factors that lead to moviemaking. The first idea of film was a picture, moreover pictures that moving in a certain way to look like a movie. The French Lumiere Brothers are the first hand of making the new modern film industry. In the beginning the films were with no technology, its lack of sound and colors, and it’s only for seconds. 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Both the manner in which most black characters are portrayed in Hollywood films and ideas conveyed by the latter suggest that Hollywood’s approach to racism is ultimately negative. However, Hollywood films shot in more recent times and Hollywood’s attitude to non-white actors speak about the film studios’ hypocritical approach to racism, as Hollywood’sRead MoreOhio Motion Picture Tax Credit Case Study1623 Words   |  7 PagesPicture Tax Credit in 2009 to motivate film industries to choose Ohio as their location and Cleveland has been the popular city to film movies in. Marvel Studios would thrive under this tax credit because â€Å"Eligible productions can receive 30 percent on production cast and crew wages, as well as other eligible in-state spending† (Ohio Film Office, 2009). $300,000 must be spent on filming for this tax credit to apply to film producers. 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Over the yearsRead More The contemporary Hollywood blockbuster is not so much a film as a dev1631 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å" I like ideas, especially movie ideas, that you can hold in your hand. If a person can tell me the idea in twenty-five words or less, its going to make a pretty good movie.† Steven Spielberg.’ For this essay I intend to discuss how Hollywood as an industry has used the marketing strategies of blockbuster films to significant advantage in film merchandising. Along with the use of mass merchandising as a form of marketing films, with the hope of creating awareness among the public. As merchandisingRead MoreFinancing Of A Film Project791 Words   |  4 Pages Financing a movie is typically based on the number of financial resources available. These resources could come from the studio, the producer, an investment partner or any combination of these resources. The credits of a film can be one illustration of the number of these resources and organizations that may have been involved in one project. Another method of raising capital for films involve a producer starting the film to get the project up and running and then needing to provide metricsRead MoreThe Golden Age Of Hollywood1744 Words   |  7 Pagesdemise of the old studio system and the continuing drop in cinema attendance that resulted in the New Hollywood era (Thompson and Bordwell 474). This essay will argue that despite the old Hollywood studio system that indeed has collapsed, a new form modification of the â€Å"Classical Studio Genre†, a different approach in identifying a newfound audience and the resurgence in independent production companies resulted in the reenergized United States film community seen in the Hollywood Renaissance (Corey

Essay on Act One Of Othello - 2439 Words

What Is Shakespeare’s Achievement In Act I Of Othello? Shakespeare’s own personal aim was not to write a social and political reflection of his era, as many contemporary readers believe, it was; purely and simply, to entertain his audience. This does not mean that there can be no social and political reflections within Othello, it means that the reflections are there, not for the sake of social and political commentary, but for the sake of entertainment and pleasure. Aristotle explained in â€Å"Poetics† that the audience’s pleasure consists not merely in observing the play, but criticizing, evaluating and making comparisons. These activities produce pleasure, thus it is not a mindless pleasure. There must be intellectual and emotional†¦show more content†¦Othello is described by Iago as being pompous and immodest, Iago is only serving Othello to â€Å"serve [his] turn upon him†, this immediately shows the self-serving nature of Iago. We are quickly shown that Iago is bitter and twisted that he has no t gained the rank of Othello’s lieutenant, thus his estimation of Othello is not fully believed or accredited by the audience. Furthermore Iago goes on to admit to his own deceptive nature by explaining he is not what he seems to be, he explains â€Å"I am not what I am†. In the first scene Iago launches into a speech of how he despises â€Å"knee-crooking knave† who serves his master for nothing but â€Å"provender† (bed and board). He then explains how he admires the servant who wears a â€Å"visage of duty† while serving no one but himself. These servants â€Å"have lined their coats† and then when they have used their master for money they â€Å"Do themselves homage†. Iago, once more, confesses to being one of these self serving and deceptive men. By showing Iago’s true colours, Shakespeare is casting Iago’s view of Othello in a very low estimation. Shakespeare’s initial portrayal of Roderigo, is of a rather dim and naà ¯ve man. Firstly, he has paid a clearly dishonest self serving man, Iago, to promote a match between him and Desdemona, to her father, Brabantio. Secondly, nearly all Roderigo’s conversation consists of subservient comments towards the manipulative Iago. He is constantly agreeing andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Act One of Othello by William Shakespeare Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Act One of Othello by William Shakespeare Act 1 is an exceptionally indicative passage of writing in which Shakespeare attempts to divulge the coarse essence of Iagos nature to the audience. Indeed, by the conclusion of line 66 the audience not only understands - in broad terms - Iagos motives and grievances, but also something of the manner in which he intends to consummate Read MoreAct One Scene 3 of William Shakespeares Othello Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesAct One Scene 3 of William Shakespeares Othello Referring to the passage in page 155, I have analysed several points in conjunction to background knowledge, in attempt to answer the task set above. Initially, I feel that it is very important to relate to the character of Iago. As a character, Iago has the potential to be a man of extreme power but he does not have the tool that we refer to as money. All that he has is ambition; and he remains malcontent until he attainsRead MoreCharles Thao. Mrs. Koth. 4Th Hour. 4/6/17. 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But when he makes the decision to make Casio Lieutenant instead of Iago, Iago makes a plan to destroy Othello’s life completely. Iago convinces Othello that Desdemona is not being faithful and is cheating on him withRead MoreEssay on William Shakespeares Othello1294 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s play Othello, tragedy unfolds on the account of one man’s actions, Iago. He is a twenty eight year old military veteran from Venice. His personality consists of being obsessive, manipulative, relentless, and bold. From the beginning he expressed his hatred toward s the Moor, or North African named Othello. Othello is a highly respected general and is also married to the pure Desdemona. The marriage between Othello and Desdemona is destroyed due to Iago’s actions and lies. His actionsRead MoreDifference of Othellos Behaviour in Act One and Act Two981 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish Literature - Othello How is Othello’s behaviour in Act Two different from his behaviour in Act One? How do you account for this change? What consequences do you think it will have? In Act One, Othello appeared to be in control of his emotions. When Brabantio confronts Othello, accusing him of stealing and raping his daughter Desdemona by means of witchcraft, Othello is calm and tells his men to stop the fighting. Although he is being accused of kidnapping and raping Desdemona, in whichRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare923 Words   |  4 PagesA noticeable theme throughout Othello is that looks are not always what they appear to be. We see this right from the start and all the way to the end. The characters take what they hear and interpret and mold it so that what they see automatically fits into the mental mold they have already created, therefore confirming their suspicions. Iago makes use of a deadly weapon, his words, to mislead characters into misinterpreting what they see. The characters in Othello are unable to recognize the hiddenRead MoreChenjie Chai. Ms. Milliner. Cuny Ela Period 2. 1/19/2016.1397 Words   |  6 Pages Essay Shakespeare s famous play of love turned bad by unfounded jealousy. His Othello also tells a sad story. The story begins in Venice with Iago, a soldier under Othello s command arguing with a wealthy Venetian, Roderigo. Roderigo has paid Iago a considerable sum of money to spy on Othello for him, since he wishes to take Othello s girlfriend, Desdemona as his own. The story to this as the main line, there have been many tragic things. In the storyRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1012 Words   |  5 PagesTo reach Desdemona specifically is unforeseeable for Iago considering that Othello is better than him. It is consequently that Iago chooses to adventure Othello. In the event that Iago can turn Othello against his own particular wife he will have vanquished his restriction. Act III Scene III, is vital in light of the fact that it is the point in the play where Iago starts to build up his control of Othello. 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Accounting Frauds ZZZZ Best Company, Inc - 1022 Words

ZZZZ Best company is one of the biggest examples of Accounting Frauds. The founder of ZZZZ best was Barry Minkow. He was a very smart young entrepreneur when he started the company. He was involved in credit card forgeries prior to starting his own carpet cleaning business â€Å"ZZZZ Best Company†. Minkow began his business with small carpet cleaning jobs and he became a multimillionaire in a very short period of time. Minkow met a person named Tom Padgett at Los Angeles Health club. This was the beginning of Minkows big fraud scheme. Padgett was the insurance claims adjuster and Minkow became his friend. After becoming Padgetts friend, Minkow thought of using his friendship with him to make profit in his business. He convinced Padgett to†¦show more content†¦It was stated in the article that Minkow was involved in credit card forgeries at a very young age prior to starting his own company. This was the time when investors and others associated with ZZZZ Best started to step back. This was a major reason that concerned Ernst Whinney about ZZZZ Best. In addition to the news article, Ernst Whinney also received a letter from an anonymous writer, who warned them about the fraud in ZZZZ Best. It was stated that the assets of ZZZZ Best are not properly reported and the insurance restoration contacts were all fraudulent. Ernst Whinney questioned Minkow about the fraudulent Insurance restoration contracts but Minkow was able to prove them that the contracts exist. He gave them the address of a building that was being restored and he bribed the security guard and others to tell them that the building is contracted under ZZZZ Best Company. This was sufficient to prove Ernst Whinney that the contracts stated in ZZZZ Best financial statements were accurate and they did exist. In spite of that, Ernst Whinney did not audit the ZZZZ Best in 1987 due to Minkows bad reputation and the news about the fraudulent contracts. Minkow was successful in getting a way from another audit and continued operating his firm with all the fraudulent contracts and other credit card frauds. According to my understanding of this case, I think that the auditors should beShow MoreRelatedCase Study : The Best Company, Inc.1213 Words   |  5 PagesKathleen Ng ACCT 4501W Case Analysis 1 ZZZZ Best Company, Inc. ZZZZ Best Company, Inc. was founded by Barry Minkow in the fall of 1982, located in San Fernando Valley of Southern California. At this time, he was 16 years old and started a small carpet cleaning operation out of his parent’s garage. Due to client complaints and competition, he was short of capital and needed money but was unable to get help from banks due to low profitability. This led him to think of other ways to finance his businessRead MoreZZZZ Best Company, Inc: An Analysis3666 Words   |  15 PagesZZZZ Best Company Inc. Introduction This paper explores the ZZZZ Best Company which was begun by a 16 year old individual who was able to pull the wool over the eyes of many customers, investors and auditors. This paper will define the difference between review and audit when it comes to financial reports, comments on the procedures provided with regard to the management assertion of occurrence, verification of payments for jobs and how they can lead auditors to improper conclusion, the purposeRead MoreZZZZ Best Company: The Backlash Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesCase 1.9 ZZZZ Best Company, Inc, 1. Ernst amp; Whinney audit firm suffered tremendously from the backlash of ZZZZ Best’s case. One of the issues stemming from ZZZZ Best’s case is the difference between a review and an audit as evidence by civil suit filed by a California bank against the firm. The bank claimed that its decision to grant ZZZZ Best’s loan was based on the opinion of Ernst amp; Whinney review of ZZZZ Best’s financial statements period ending July 31, 1986. The case was ruled in favorRead MoreZZZZ Best Case Study: Understanding Audit and Review1205 Words   |  5 Pagesobtaining an understanding of internal control structure. Also, a review does not assess control risk, tests of accounting records and responses to inquiries by obtaining corroborating evidence through inspection, observation or any other audit procedure. It can point out significant matters of the financial statements but does not provide assurance of their accuracy. The issue with ZZZZ Best case is that the auditors review was not sufficient enough to review any misstatements on the financial statementsRead MoreElements of the Fraud Triangle 1582 Words   |  7 PagesCase 1.9 ZZZZ Best Company, Inc. Delta. Describe the elements of the Fraud Triangle that apply to this case. Assume you are the perpetrator. Is there a better way to perpetrate this fraud? If there is, describe your method. Specify practical recommendations for the client to prevent this fraud from occurring in the future. The first element of the Fraud Triangle in the case of ZZZZ Best, case 1.9 is Incentives/Pressure. Incentives/Pressure- As a result of the pressure placed on a person whoRead MoreAuditing Cases22626 Words   |  91 Pagespipes, and sold directly either to industrial customers or to regional gas utilities, which then distributed the gas to smaller businesses and customers. Some companies in the industry had assets related to specific activities within the supply chain. For example, some companies owned pipelines but did not produce their own gas. These companies often entered into Enron 2000 annual report, p. 7. Joseph F. Berardino, remarks to U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Financial Services, December 12Read MoreZZZZ Bests Story 2733 Words   |  11 PagesZZZZ Best, Inc. The start of ZZZZ Best: ZZZZ Best started as a carpet cleaning company. Barry Minkow founded ZZZZ Best in his parents’ garage in 1982 when he was only sixteen years old. Due to high competition in the industry, low enter barriers, and bad internal control, this young entrepreneur started to have cash flow problems, and a shortage of working capital. Pressure Leads to Fraud: Under financial pressure, Minkow started to commit fraud. He forged credit card applications, stagedRead MoreBarry Minkow2480 Words   |  10 PagesBarry Minkow – Misrepresentation and Ponzi in 1987 Establishment of ZZZZ Best Company When he was a sophomore in high school, Barry Minkow founded a carpet cleaning company - ZZZZ Best Company in his parents’ garage. At that time, the carpet cleaning industry has few entry barriers and all Minkow needed was a small amount of start-up capital. However, he soon found out that his firm was actually tough to survive in the industry as the ease of entry means fierce competition. The young man encounteredRead MoreEssay on ZZZZ Best Company, Inc.: Case Study1340 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ZZZ Best Company, Inc. ------------------------------------------------- Case Study 2 ------------------------------------------------- Due Date: March 30,2010 ZZZ Best, Case 1. Ernst amp; Whinney never issued an audit opinion on financial statements of ZZZZ Best but did issue a review report on the company’s quarterly statements for the three months ended July 31, 1986. How does aRead MoreBarry Minkow: Self-Made Millionaire to Bankruptcy3830 Words   |  16 PagesNews (60 Minutes), Barry Minkow, the founder of ZZZZ Best Carpet Cleaning Company said I started with the best of intentions, really I can say that. And when economic pressure reared its ugly head and I couldnt make payroll, I lied and stole and cheated. Prior to declaring bankruptcy, ZZZZ Best was one of the hottest stocks on Wall Street and Barry Minkow was known as the boy wonder of Wall Street. As the youngest CEO of a $300 million company Barry Minkow was the American Dream come true: a

About the Duties of Husband and Wives free essay sample

By Benjamin Wadsworth, A Well Ordered Family About the Duties of Husbands and Wives Concerning the duties of this relation we may assert a few things. It is their duty to dwell together with one another. Surely they should dwell together; if one house cannot hold them, surely they are not affected to each other as they should be. They should have a very great and tender love and affection to one another. This is plainly commanded by god. This duty of love is mutual; it should be performed b y each other, to each other. When, therefore, they quarrel or disagree, then they do the Devil’s work; he is please at it, glad of it. But such contention provokes God; it dishonors Him; it is a vile example before inferiors in the family; it tends to prevent family prayer. As to outward things. If the one is sick, troubled or distressed, the other should manifest care, tenderness, pity, and compassion, and afford all possible relief and succor. We will write a custom essay sample on About the Duties of Husband and Wives or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They should likewise unite and their prudent counsels and endeavor comfortably to maintain themselves and the family under their joint care. Husband and wife should be patient toward another. If both are truly pious, yet neither of them is perfectly holy, in such cases a patient, forgiving, forbearing spirit is very needful. You, therefore, that are husbands and wives, do not aggravate every error or mistake, every wrong or hasty word, every wry step as though it were a willfully designed intolerable crime; for this would soon break all to pieces: but rather put the best construction on things, and bear with and forgive one another’s failings. The husband’s government ought to be gentle and easy, and the wife’s obedience ready and cheerful. The husband is called the head of the woman. It belongs to the head to rule and govern. Wives are part of the house and family, and ought to be under the husband’s government. Yet his government should not be with rigor, haughtiness, harshness, severity, but the greatest love, gentleness, kindness, tenderness that may be. Though he governs her, he much not treat her as a servant, but as his own flesh; he must love her as himself. Those husbands are much to blame who do not carry it lovingly and kindly to their wives. O Man, if your wife is not so your, beautiful, healthy, well-tempered, and qualified as you would wish: if she did not bring a large estate to you, or cannot do so much for you, as some women have done for their husbands; yet she is your wife, nd the great God commands you to love her, be not bitter but kind to her. What came be more plain and expressive that that? Those wives are much to blame who do not carry it lovingly and obediently to their own husbands. O woman, if your husband is not as young, beautiful, healthy, so well-tempered, and qualified as you could wish; if he has not such abilities, riches, honors, as some other have; yet he is your husband, and the great God commands you to love, honor and obey him. Yes, though possibly you have greater abilities of mind than he has, are of some high birth, and he of a more common birth, or did bring more estate, yet since he is your husband, God has made him your head, and set him above you, and made it your duty to love and revere him. Parents should act wisely and prudently in the matching of their children. They should endeavor that they may marry someone who is more proper to them, most likely to bring blessings to them.

Life Events and Psychiatric Disorders Essay Sample free essay sample

Life EventsResearch workers have long been interested in understanding how persons and environments affect each other. chiefly so as to depict and explicate age – related behavior and single differences. One focal point has been to analyze life events. A life event is declarative of or requires a important alteration in the on-going life forms of the person. Harmonizing to Settersten and Mayer ( 1997 ) . â€Å"A life event is a important happening affecting a comparatively disconnected alteration that may bring forth serious and long lasting effects† . It refers to the go oning itself and non to the passages that will happen because of the occurrences. Life events can happen in a assortment of spheres ( household. wellness. and work ) and may be age graded ( School. matrimony and retirement ) . history graded ( war and depression ) . or non-normative ( illness and divorce ) . Most of the stripling and grownup literature reflects a sociological tradition of measuring the impact of life events as passages between major functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Events and Psychiatric Disorders Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page age classs. position additions and losingss. and so forth. Turning Points A turning point is a particular life event that produces a permanent displacement in the life class flight. It must take to more than a impermanent roundabout way. As important as they are to individual’s lives. turning points normally become obvious merely as clip base on ballss ( Wheaton and Gotlib. 1997 ) . Three types of life events can function as turning points ( Rutter. 1996 ) : * Life events that either stopping point or unfastened chances. * Life events that make a permanent alteration on the person’s environment. * Life events that change a person’s self-concept. beliefs and outlooks. However. it must be remembered that the same type of life events may be a turning point for one person. household. or other collectivity. but non for another. Besides. less dramatic passages may go turning points depending upon the individual’s appraisal of its importance. Life Event StressThe Encyclopedia of emphasis defines emphasis as â€Å"real or an taken menace to physiological or psychological unity of an person that consequences in physiological and/or behavioral response. † Stress involves a procedure in which environmental demands revenue enhancement or transcend the adaptative capacity of an being ensuing in psychological and biological alterations that may put individuals at hazard for disease. Three wide traditions of measuring the function of emphasis in disease hazard may be distinguished: * The environmental tradition focuses on appraisal of environmental events or experiences that are normatively ( objectively ) associated with significant adaptative demands. * The psychological tradition focuses on individuals’ subjective ratings of their abilities to get by with the demands posed by specific events or experiences. * The biological tradition focuses on activation of specific physiological systems that have been repeatedl y shown to be modulated by both psychologically and physically demanding conditions. Life event emphasiss therefore basically follow the environmental tradition. and are concerned with situational brushs and the intending a individual may attach to such events. Nerve-racking life events are causally implicated in a assortment of unwanted effects on our public presentation and wellness ( Dohrenwend and Dohrenwend. 1997 ) . Such observation is based on two premises. First. life alterations require version on the portion of the person and are nerve-racking. Second. individuals sing pronounced life alterations in the recent yesteryear are susceptible to physical and psychiatric jobs. All life events require version. but all life events are non needfully unpleasant. Life events can either be pleasant in nature where the emphasis is called ‘Eustress’ or unpleasant in nature where the emphasis is called ‘Dystress’ ( Selye. 1974 ) . There may besides be some life events which merely move to assist keep the internal steady province or to maintain the person interested in set abouting appropriate activities. Such emphasis may be called ‘Neustress’ ( Joseph P. Auto. 1995 ) Beginning OF LIFE EVENTS RESEARCH The hypothesis that emotional struggles related to external events can precipitate mental unwellnesss was foremost officially suggested by Heinroth in 1818 in his appellation of the term ‘psychosomatic’ . Later in early portion of the twentieth century. Adolf Meyer. popularized the ‘life chart’ methodological analysis. This attack emphasized the importance of dynamic interplay among biological. psychological and societal factors such that of import life events within the person’s life became focal point of attending for analyzing wellness and disease. However. no formal graduated table or agenda for measuring life events or their impact on wellness was as yet available. In the early sixtiess. Rahe and Holmes began developing a life events agenda based upon findings over 5. 000 of Meyer’s â€Å"life charts† taken on patients at the University of Washington. Each point selected for their agenda of Recent Experience was included because it was found to hold occurred in a big figure of patients predating the oncoming of their unwellness. Holmes and Rahe ( 1967 ) besides developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale ( SRRS ) by delegating weights for events of different judged badness from the Schedule of Recent Experience. These weights were called â€Å"life alteration units† ( LCU ) . Elevated sores on the SRRS have been associated with the oncoming of legion medical upsets ( Rahe and Arthur. 1978 ) . It has besides been used extensively in surveies of oncoming of psychiatric upsets including schizophrenic disorder. depression and self-destruction efforts. The SRRS had an tremendous impact on research on the dealingss between life events and unwellness. It besides brought frontward and strengthened the impression that the effects of stressors operate mostly though the creative activity of inordinate adaptative demands. This led users of SRRS to be more concerned with the magnitude of life alteration than with whether the alteration was positive ( e. g. . publicity ) or negative ( e. g. . or occupation loss ) . Get downing in the seventiess. a new coevals of nerve-racking life event research workers began to dispute many of the basic premises involved in the building and marking of the SRRS. Th e undermentioned new thoughts were advanced: * Persons to gauge the stressfulness of their ain experiences as a manner of bring forthing steps instead than judge’s evaluations. ( e. g. . Sarason et. Al. . 1978 ) . * Development of a life event interview in which research workers rate the importance of events while taking into history the context in which they occur. ( Brown A ; Harris. 1978 ) . * Development of newer checklists to spread out the scope of experiences evaluated. ( Dohrenwend et Al. . 1978 ) . * Development of graduated tables to measure nerve-racking life events in specific populations whose experiences might be different from those represented on the more general SRRS. These included graduated tables for kids ( e. g. . Sandler A ; Ramsay. 1980. Monaghan et Al. 1978 ) striplings ( e. g. Murrell et Al. . 1984 ) and graduated tables for different civilizations ( Singh et. Al. . 1983 ; Sanjam. 1987 ) . * Development of life event graduated tables based on a multidimensional construct of stressors that individually assessed the extent of menace. loss. danger and other facets of nerve-racking events ( Brown A ; Harris. 1978 ) . Apart from these new developments. there have been continuances of what has already been established: * A continuance of basic research to document the effects of nerve-racking events on a assortment of physical and mental wellness result s utilizing newer nerve-racking life event steps. * An involvement in analyzing the cumulative effects of sing two or more nerve-racking life events in the same short interval of clip. ( Mc Gonagle A ; Kessler. 1990 ) . * An involvement in analyzing the joint effects of sing a nerve-racking event in the context of an on-going chronic stressor in the same life sphere ( Wheaton. 1990 ) . * A considerable involvement in analyzing exposure factors. i. e. . features that make people more or less susceptible to stressor induced disease. * A motion off from an earlier tradition of concentrating entirely on the acute wellness damaging effects of distinct life events towards an probe of the long term health-damaging effects of chronic stressors. A new involvement in the cumulative effects of minor day-to-day stressors on both emotional wellness ( Bolger et al. 1989 ) and physical wellness ( Stone et al. . 1987 ) . THEORETICAL ISSUES The nature of causal relationship between psychosocial emphasis and functional mental upsets has been conceptualized by assorted theories or theoretical accounts. Although these theoretical accounts have differed in their accent on the function of emphasis in the etiology of psychiatric unwellness. they have nem con taken into consideration the impact of emphasis in both physiological and psychological domains. Crisis Theory The crisis theory of emphasis was ab initio proposed by Lindemann ( 1944 ) ; and was farther elaborated by Satiating ( 1973 ) . The theory maintains that when an person is faced with a new state of affairs ( life event ) he goes into a period of disequilibrium ( crisis ) . The result of crisis may either be adaptative or maladaptive. In the latter status. it will take to physical or psychological unwellness or decreased functional capacity. The Crisis Model has been best used to explicate the experiences of healthy persons with comparatively integral personalities and comparatively abiding coherent human relationships ( Beck A ; Worthen. 1972 ) . Principle of Opticss Rahe et Al ( 1974 ) proposed that one’s past experience may change the significance of his recent life alteration and frequently defence mechanisms are employed which diffract away some of the life alteration events. Those which are non diffracted off. excite a battalion of physiological procedures. Prolonged unabsorbed psycho-physiological activities finally lead to organ system disfunction or assortment of psychological perturbations. Differential Consequence Brown and co workers ( 1973 ) have opined that the consequence of emphasis varies for each person. Stress may hold both triping and formative effects on mental unwellness. Triping and formative effects are opposite terminals of the same go oning instead than qualitatively different procedures. Triping events at the most trigger an unwellness. i. e. they may at the most convey the oncoming frontward by a short period of clip and possibly do it more disconnected. Formative events on the other manus. play a formative function and the oncoming of the unwellness may be either well advanced in clip by the event or brought about by it wholly. Brrown et Al ( 1973 ) have besides given the construct of â€Å"brought frontward time† . i. e. . the estimation of the mean clip from an oncoming produced by an event to the clip when a self-generated oncoming would hold occurred. had non the events intervened. If the brought forward clip is more ( i. vitamin E gt ; 12 months ) . the consequen ce is formative. if it is less. the consequence is triping. ( Brown et al. 1973 ) Cybernetic Model Cyberneticss is a survey of systemic regulative mechanisms that operate via feedback cringles. Kagan and Levi ( 1974 ) proposed that the combined consequence of psychosocial emphasis and psychobiological programme determines the psychological or physiological reactions which may take to precursor of an unwellness or the illness itself. Diathesis or Vulnerability Models Several exposure theoretical accounts have been proposed. but the initial one was proposed by Meehl ( 1962 ) and it was subsequently modified by Rosenthal ( 1970 ) . These theoretical accounts assume that people have changing grades of exposure to the development of a mental upset and that the likeliness to develop an unwellness is a map of both the extent of the biologically influenced exposure and the magnitude of emphasis that the person is meeting. Vulnerability attack postulated that a balance and antagonistic balance is maintained between exposure and the sum of emphasis that can be tolerated before the symptoms appear. This theoretical account is used basically to explicate schizophrenic disorder ( Zubin A ; Spring. 1977 ) . Psychodynamic Theories Harmonizing to the theories of Freud. Jung and Sullivan. psychological emphasis consequences in arrested development. This overburdens already strained get bying mechanisms. and triggers a sequence of internal alterations whose outward look is the development of psychotic symptoms. The emphasis itself may be more of drawn-out struggle than a individual disturbing experience or it may be objectively minor but have particular psychological deductions for the person or it might exercise its consequence by virtuousness of moving on an already unnatural personality construction. Although these theories lack the support of any believable scientific research. they have been widely and uncritically accepted for long. and they are utile in that they help clinician to understand and expect the impact of life events on the patient’s class of unwellness. TYPES OF LIFE EVENTS Life events have been classified in different ways. Some of the dichotomous categorizations of life events. which are utile in explicating the consequences of life events research. are described below: Personal Vs Impersonal Events Personal events are the events in which the person is an active participant and partially or to the full responsible for the event. This includes matrimonial or household struggles. broken battle or love matter. building of a house. acquiring married and so on. Whereas. in impersonal events. the person is non straight responsible for the events. Examples include decease of a friend. unwellness of household members. belongings harm. birth of a girl and so on ( Singh et al. . 1983 ) . Desirable Vs Undesirable EventsThe events which are consistent with the favor or desire of the person. such as acquiring married. going an officer. etc are desirable 1s. Contrarily. unwanted events imply the unwanted happening of events such as decease of partner. larceny or robbery. divorce. etc. ( Singh et al. . 1983 ) . Pleasant Vs Unpleasant Events Pleasant events are gratifying events such as traveling on pleasance trip. educational or occupational accomplishment. etc. The events which are experienced by the individual as noxious. aversive. or unsafe are unpleasant events. It is noted that all pleasant events may non be desirable and all the desirable events are non pleasant. Major Vs Minor Events The events over which the person attaches importance or values are major events while the events which are. harmonizing to the person. negligible or inconsiderable are minor events. Interestingly. a major event for one person may be minor for another and vice-versa. ( californium: Kamaranjan. 1996 ) Chronic Vs Acute Events Chronic events are emphasiss associated with mundane life. such as household. work. poorness. physical disablement and mental shortage. while acute events are emphasiss associated with mostly external or unusual alterations that are unforeseen. unsought. and uncontrolled. ( Mc Glashan and Hoffman. 2000 ) Severe and Non-severe Events Severe events are experiences of long-run or moderate long term menace to an person ( e. g. decease of partner ) . Non terrible events were experiences that are endangering merely in the short term. normally less than a hebdomad ( e. g. . a kid about hit by a auto ) ( Brown A ; Harris. 1978 ) . MEASUREMENT OF LIFE EVENTS It is nem con accepted today that exposure to daily or life clip stressors may hold an of import bearing on wellness and good being. Much of research in this country has had focused in the function of nerve-racking life events in the etiology of assorted psychiatric unwellness. The chief consideration among research workers on life events are: * What type of life events act upon psychological perturbation? * What is the differential influence of life events in assorted mental upsets? * How do life events affect mental wellness. straight. indirectly and interactively? Relationship between personality factors and life events has besides been studied by assorted research workers. ( Bhatti and Channabaravanna. 1985 ) . Harmonizing to Wethington ( 2000 ) . appraisal of life events is one of four types of realistic stressor appraisals. the other three appraisals being that of emphasis assessments. chronic stressors and day-to-day events ( or fusss ) . The differences are pointed out below: * Life events: These are exposure to out-of-the-ordinary. demanding events. such as divorce. that have the capacity to alter the forms of life or elicit really unpleasant feelings. * Stress assessments: These are self studies of sensed stressfulness and assessments of menace posed by events. Measures of appraisal focal point on the grade to which an event threatens wellbeing or threatens to overpower resources to get by. Life event graduated tables may or may non include assessment as a constituent. * Chronic stressors: These are digesting or perennial troubles and strains in an country of life. Recent research on emphasis and unwellness has turned toward stressing the function of persistent. uninterrupted. or regular exposure to stressors as of import hazard factors for the development of disease. * Fusss: These are exposure to smaller. comparatively minor. cosmopolitan and usually less emotionally eliciting events whose effects disperse in a twenty-four hours or two. The fusss paradigm focuses attending of the potentially hurtful ways in which minor stressors. even those whose effects are comparatively fugitive. can hold long-run negative effects on wellness. There are two contrasting methods of mensurating life events. which have developed over clip. viz. . * Checklist Measures * Personal Interview MeasuresChecklists are easy to administrate and are utile in carry oning big sum of explorative wellness research. Checklist method was derived from an environmental position on emphasis. proposing that the footing of experient emphasis is an event that brings about a demand for societal. physical. or psychological readjustment. The earliest of these positions was the life alteration readjustment paradigm developed by Holmes and Rahe ( 1967 ) . Other theoretical paradigms on emphasis. such as those developed by Lazarus ( 1984 ) . Dohrenwend ( 1993 ) . and Brown ( 1987 ) have augmented their attack in important ways. Some checklists measure clocking and badness of checkered event. by inquiring respondent to describe day of the month of happening. by inquiring for a brief written description. or by inquiring respondent to rate the comparative stressfulness of the event. Despite their popularity. checklist steps have been criticized on their dependability and cogenc y as steps of stressor exposure. These unfavorable judgments include: * Vagueness and generalization of the inquiries. * Inclusion of events that are confounded with experiencing provinces of psychiatric unwellness. * Recency prejudices. i. e. respondents are more likely to remember events that occur in the last few months than those that occurred a twelvemonth ago. The Personal interview steps use qualitative investigations in order to stipulate more exactly the features of life events believed to bring forth the existent hazard of unwellness and timings of life events in relationship to the results. The early development of personal interview methods for measuring life events initialized a theoretical position distinct from the alteration readjustment paradigm. which informed life event checklist. The major developer of interview methods ( George W. Brown ) proposed that societal and environmental alterations ( and expectancy of those alterations ) that threaten the most strongly held emotional committednesss are footing for experienced terrible emphasis. This position besides holds that terrible stressors. instead than minor. threaten wellness. separating it from both alteration readjustment and fusss paradigms. Interview steps are non used normally. chiefly because of their greater disbursal and complexness. Research workers tend to utilize them under the undermentioned fortunes: * Where more precise badness evaluations are required. * Where the comparative timing of stressor exposure and disease oncoming is critical to a survey. * When the happening of an event. or series of events. may be related to respondent unwellness or behavior. * Promoters of interview steps claim that they are more comprehensive. dependable and valid than checklist steps. although there is considerable argument on this point. TOOLS FOR MEASURING LIFE EVENTSSocial Readjustment Rating Scale ( SRRS ) : Developed by Holmes and Rahe ( 1967 ) . this graduated table is a milepost of life events research. This graduated table has 43 events which have been taken from the Schedule of Recent Experience. and have been assigned weights in footings of their judged badness. Each point has a â€Å"life alteration unit† ( LCU ) . The more terrible the point. the greater alteration it calls for. and so the greater is its LCU. Agenda for Life Events: Developed by Paykel et Al. ( 1975 ) this covers 64 defined life events. which are once more divided into nine classs – work. instruction. finance. wellness. mourning. migration. household and societal relationship. It is administered in the signifier of a semi-structured interview. where each event is enquired for until it clearly does non use covering a period of one twelvemonth prior to the interview. Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale ( PSLE ) : Developed by Gurmeet Singh et Al. ( 1983 ) . it was constructed and standardized for usage in the Indian population. It is a standardisation of the SRRS. It is in the signifier of an stock list of 51 points. each point holding a leaden emphasis mark. For illustration. decease of partner = 100 ; struggle over dowry = 51 ; traveling on pleasance trip = 20. The points are farther categorized as ( I ) personal or impersonal events. ( two ) desirable. unwanted. or equivocal events. It is administered in the signifier of a semi structured interview. wherein the events are assessed to be either present or absent. British Life Events Inventory for Children: Developed by Monaghan et Al ( 1978 ) . this stock list is specially designed to measure life events of kids. Life Events Inventory for Indian Children: Developed by Sanjam ( 1987 ) . this is an Indian version of the British Life Events Inventory for Children. It comprises of 50 points with appraisal of emphasis on two clip frame parametric quantities i. e. â€Å"last one year† and â€Å"ever in life prior to last one year† . Bedford College Life Events and Difficulties Schedule ( LEDS ) : Developed by Brown and Harris ( 1978 ) . this is the most widely used personal interview method. It is a semi structured study instrument. appropriate for usage in a community sample every bit good as with patients. measuring a broad assortment of stressors. The interview consists of a series of inquiries inquiring whether certain types of events had occurred over the past 12 months ( or larger ) and a set of guidelines for examining positive responses. Structured Event Probe and Narrative Rating Method ( SEPRATE ) : Developed by Dohrenwend and co-workers. et Al. ( 1993 ) . this is an alternate life events interview and evaluation system utilizing a magnitude of â€Å"life change† evaluation system. It consists of a series of yes/no inquiries sing 84 types of events or troubles that may hold occurred and been badly nerve-racking. Neurobiology OF LIFE EVENT STRESS The biological science of life events is subsumed in the biological science of emphasis. Several physiological systems have been implicated in active and inactive header with emphasis. These include the cardinal nervous system. catecholamines. immune. endorphin – enkephalin. hypothalamico–pituitary–adrenocortical and the sympatho–adrenomedulary systems ( Baum et al. . 1982 ) . The physiological emphasis responses include chiefly the activation of autonomic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis taking to increased blood force per unit area and tissue degrees of catecholamines and glucocorticoids. Elevations of adrenaline. noradrenaline and hydrocortisone have repeatedly been found among individuals sing chronic and acutely nerve-racking events ( Hlastala and Frank. 2000 ) . Stressors besides activate serotonergic systems in the encephalon as evidenced by increased serotonic bend over ( Kaplan and Sadock. 2000 ) . Amino acid and peptidergic neurotransmitters are besides found to be elaborately involved in the emphasis response. Surveies have shown that adrenocorticotropic hormone let go ofing factor ( CRF ) . Glutamate. and Gamma aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) – all play of import functions in the coevals of the emphasis response or in transition of other stress antiphonal systems such as dopaminergic and noradrenergic encephalon circuits ( Kaplan and Sadock. 2000 ) . The symptho – adrenomedullary system ( SAS ) is activated during active header ( fight or flight ) . which by and large. but non ever. involves physical effort. This system increases metabolic activity in response to nerve-racking state of affairss. Measures of noradrenaline and adrenaline are typically used to bespeak the activity of the SAS. There are two of import characteristics of physiological emphasis response. The first involves turning it on in sum that are equal to the challenge. The 2nd is turning off the response when it is no longer needed. Physiological mediations of the emphasis response. viz. the catecholamines and the glucocorticoids from the adrenal cerebral mantle. originate cellular events that promote adaptative alterations in cells and tissues throughout the organic structure. which in bend protect the being and promote endurance. However. excessively much emphasis or inefficient operations of the acute responses to emphasize can do wear and tear and exacerbate disease procedure. There are nevertheless. tremendous single differences in construing and reacting to what is nerve-racking. every bit good as single differences in susceptibleness to diseases. in which emphasis may play a function. LIFE EVENTS AND PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS Extensive empirical research on life events and unwellnesss has demonstrated that life events emphasis may ensue in jobs in both physical andor mental wellness ( Cohen. 1980 ) . There is turning organic structure of literature on the function of life events in bring forthing assortment of mental upsets. However. bulk of persons undergoing serious life events do non develop psychological damage. Hence. the focal point of current life events research has been to understand the conditions under which life events produce psychological disfunction and to place those individuals who are at hazard. The impressions of ‘vulnerability’ and ‘ diathesis’ are of peculiar importance in understanding the impact of life events on mental wellness. ‘Diathesis’ as described by Meehl ( 1962 ) refers chiefly to familial predispositional factors. and ‘vulnerability’ has been expanded to include predispositional environmental factors ( Zubin and Spring. 1977 ; Spring A ; Coons. 1982 ) . An single with a high sensitivity is at high hazard of developing unwellness symptoms. in the face of nerve-racking life events. Again. perceptual experience of emphasis is a subjective phenomenon. as the same life event may be nerve-racking to one person but non to another. Individual’s personality make-up influences his perceptual experience and assessment of the state of affairs and this in bend determines his reaction to the same ( Sejwal. 1984 ) . Life Events and Schizophrenia The influence of life events on the etiology and class of schizophrenic disorder has been a controversial issue. Research analyzing the relationship between life events and the oncoming of schizophrenic episodes can be divided into three groups: Type I: Some surveies have found a important addition in â€Å"independent† life events predating the oncoming of psychotic symptoms proposing that they may play a major triping function for episodes. â€Å"Independent events† are those events which are non influenced or caused by patient’s ain behavior ( e. g. decease of loved one ) . Bleuler ( 1911 ) considered life state of affairss and emotional struggles as causal factors in the oncoming of at least some instances of schizophrenic disorder. Valliant ( 1964 ) observed that 60 % of their schizophrenic patients had life events 3 hebdomads prior to onset of unwellness. Lukoff et Al. ( 1984 ) and Brown A ; Birley ( 1968 ) had besides found an addition in the frequence of life events 3 hebdomads before the oncoming of schizophrenic disorder. Type II: Other surveies have found an addition in life events before oncoming. but the happening of the life events was non independent of the influence of the patient’s behavior. Non-independent life events such as being fired from a occupation. divorce. neglecting in an test. may reflect the prodromic period of the unwellness or an on-going schizophrenic procedure. Zubin and Spring ( 1977 ) have labeled the procedures by which schizophrenic patients frequently bring an surplus of life events upon themselves as â€Å"stress prone forms of living† . Although both onset every bit good as backsliding in schizophrenic disorder has been associated with an increased study of life events. these events are largely of the non-independent types. This increases an already hyperbolic emphasis degree and so influences the timing if non chance of illness oncoming ( Rabkin. 1980 ) . Beck and Worthen ( 1972 ) had besides reported that seemingly fiddling events are idiosyncratically interpreted by these patients so that they are subjectively but non objectively nerve-racking. A survey by Serban ( 1975 ) found that chronic schizophrenics experienced maximal emphasis. wh ile acute schizophrenics experienced medium emphasis. compared to the normal population. Das et Al. ( 1997 ) had reported higher figure of life events in the one twelvemonth predating backsliding in relapsed schizophrenics as compared to stable schizophrenics. The latter two surveies are therefore. once more declarative of the function of a schizophrenic procedure in the patients’ experience of nerve-racking life events. Ventura et Al. ( 1989 ) reviewed the surveies on life events and concluded that both exposure and emphasis factors. and non merely the latter. contribute to the oncoming and class of schizophrenic disorder. Type Three: The 3rd set of surveies in the literature study no relationship between life events and the oncoming of schizophrenic episodes. ( e. g. Leff et Al. . 1973 ; Leff A ; Vaughan. 1980 ) . Comparative surveies of schizophrenic patients with other groups of psychiatric patients reveal that unwanted life events were more common in depression than in schizophrenic disorder ( Beck and Worthen. 1972 ; Jacobs et Al. . 1974 ; Martin et Al. . 1 995 ) Life Events and Mania Meynert ( 1890 ) and Westphal ( 1911 ) had ab initio suggested that exogenic factors ( romantic and psycho-reactive factors ) can play a portion in precipitation of passion. Ambelas ( 1979 ) found 28 % of patients sing life events before a frenzied episode. which was 5 times more than in control group. Similarly. Leff et Al. ( 1976 ) reported that independent events occurred shortly before an onslaught in 28 % of their instances. Singhal et Al. ( 1984 ) reported 60 % of frenzied patients as sing nerve-racking life events of assorted sorts. compared to merely 13 % of the controls. Lakhera et Al. ( 1995 ) reported life events in 54 % of their frenzied patients in the month predating their frenzied episodes. Kennedy et Al. ( 1983 ) used frenzied patients as their ain controls and observed a far higher frequence of life events in a period prior to the manic episode than during an equal subsequent period of clip. With respects to the type of life events that precede the frenzied episode. the more normally reported 1s are work A ; interpersonal troubles ( Patrick et al. . 1978 ; Dunner et Al. . 1979 ; Joseph P. Auto. 1995 ) ; decease of first degree relation. economic crises. failure in accomplishment ( Singhal et al. . 1984 ) ; and fiscal jobs. big loans. matrimonial and household struggles. harm to belongings or harvests ( Lakhera et Al. . 1995 ) . Joseph P. Auto ( 1995 ) studied life events in schizophrenics. depressives and manics and concluded that life events predating passion were more related in clip. Life Events and Depression In an early survey. Arieti ( 1959 ) concluded that typical precipitating emphasiss in terrible depressive reactions fall into three general classs –decease of loved one. failure in an of import interpersonal relationship ( normally with one’s partner ) and a terrible set back or letdown in the work or other ends to which an person has been devoted. A big organic structure of research has documented an addition in happening of life emphasis before the oncoming of major depression. ( Paykel et al. . 1969. 1994 ; Rao and Nammalvar. 1976 ; Brown and Harris. 1978. 1989 ; Chatterjee et Al. . 1981 ; Rao. 1986 ; Monroe and Depne 1991 ; Miller et Al. 1989 ; Paykel and Cooper. 1992 ; Bebbington et Al. . 1993 ; Mazure. 1998 ) . Many research workers have documented that mourning has a function in the causing of depression. Loss of partner has been reported as a important life event that precipitates depressive unwellness. ( Parkes 1964 ; Clayton et. Al. . 1968 ) . Parkes ( 1964 ) observed that the figure of patients whose unwellness followed the loss of partner was six times greater than expected. Events affecting ‘loss’ . ‘separation’ or ‘hazard’ ( Beck et. Al. . 1972 ) issues and interpersonal statements ( Jacobs et. Al. . 1974 ) have been found to predate depressive unwellness. Rao and Nammalvar ( 1976 ) identified mourning as a critical precursor of depression. Benjaminson ( 1981 ) reported that multiple events were more common in non endogenous depression compared to endogenous depression. Leff et Al. . ( 1970 ) and Thomson A ; Henrie ( 1972 ) did non happen any difference between endogenous and neurotic depression in relation to life events. Satija et Al. . ( 1982 ) reported that recent life events were found to be more responsible than chronic history of life events for the oncoming of a depressive episode. Williamson et Al. . ( 1995 ) found that down striplings had significantly more independent nerve-racking life events during the old twelvemonth than did the normal controls. Similar association between nerve-racking life events and degree of depression had been found in University pupils by O’Niel et Al ( 1986 ) . Mundt et Al. ( 2000 ) reconfirmed the function of life events for the timing of depressive episodes in a two twelvemonth prospecti ve follow up survey. Life Events and Anxiety Disorders The effects of life events either on the etiology or precipitation of neurotic upsets are ill-defined. Previous surveies of life events or specific stressors related to phobic behaviour suggest that such events may trip neurotic upset but merely in few of the patients studied ( Myers et Al. . 1971 ; Cooper and Sylph. 1973 ) . A important relationship between nerve-racking events and oncoming of anxiousness symptoms was reported by Ram and Sharma ( 1988 ) . Similarly. Takeuchi et Al. . ( 1986 ) has reported life events as playing an of import function in the origin of anxiousness upset in 118 patients with the upset. Servant and Parquet ( 1994b ) found that early and recent life events. particularly loss and separation may be a hazard factor for secondary depression in anxiousness upset. Sharma and Ram ( 1986 ) observed academic failure in scrutiny and looking for interview to be significantly more in anxiousness mental cases than in controls. during the 6 months prior to the oncoming of unwellness. Recently. Sharma and Ram ( 1987 ) investigated the relationship between life events. societal and household support. and magnitude of unwellness in 87 patients of anxiousness neuroticism and 47 controls. In comparing to controls. anxiousness mental cases had less societal and household support. One survey found a important relationship between life events and panic upset ( Fravelli et al. 1989 ) . Epidemiologic and clinical informations are consistent with the position that panic upset is significantly and strongly associated with both parental decease and separation in childhood ( Servant and Parquet. 1994b ) . In an probe of 157 patients with panic upset. Servant and Parquet ( 1994a ) found that 53 patients ( 33. 7 % ) had experienced a major loss or separation before the age of 15 old ages. and it was besides noticed that the panic group with early life events showed a significantly higher life clip prevalence of major depression than panic group who did non see early life events. Savoia and Bernik ( 2004 ) reported that the type of event and the header accomplishments used in response to them. more than the happening of nerve-racking events itself. may be associated with the onco ming of panic upset. Loss of societal support was a more common life event in panic patients compared to normal. and they tended to utilize get bying accomplishments judged as ineffective. Friedman et Al. . ( 2002 ) found in their group of panic upset patients. that a history of childhood physical or sexual maltreatment was positively correlated to clinical badness. Khanna et Al. . ( 1988 ) reported an surplus of life events in the predating to months in the OCD sample. They identified these events to be more independent. to hold significantly higher negative impact and to be more uncontrolled. Both Khanna et Al. ( 1988 ) and Mc Keon et Al. . ( 1984 ) reported a hold between peak clip of happening of events and the oncoming of OCD. Mc Keon et Al. ( 1984 ) took this delayed impact of life events to connote that a certain degree of emotional rousing is necessary before compulsions intervene. De Loof et Al. ( 1989 ) compared the life events of patients with obsessional compulsive upset and terror upsets and found that the former group did non differ from the latter in footings of figure of life events they experience during the one twelvemonth prior to the oncoming of the ir upset. However. over the entire life class. panic upset patients see more life events than obsessional compulsive upset patients. Newman and Bland ( 1994 ) compared the life events experienced by the patients with major depression. anxiousness upset and terror upsets and reported important associations between nerve-racking events and these upsets. Apart from all these surveies importance has been given to life events in ICD-10 and DSM – IV in the etiology of bulk of mental unwellnesss. for e. g. Acute and transeunt psychotic upset. Brief reactive psychosis. PTSD. Dissociative upsets. Adjustment upset etc. Drawn-out exposure to life endangering fortunes have been found to convey about digesting personality alterations. Particular accent has been given to life events for sing it as a precipitating factor in the oncoming of these mental unwellnesss. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE RATES OF EXPOSURE TO STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS Three forms of association between gender and life event exposure are most normally seen in the literature: * Womans have a loosely higher hazard for most or all classs of nerve-racking life events. * Womans are at greater hazard for a subset of events ( e. g. Network. Interpersonal ) . * No major differences are seen between the genders in event exposure. Previous surveies have besides produced a scope of fin dings about gender differences in sensitiveness to nerve-racking life events. Most. but non all of these surveies have employed self study steps of â€Å"depression† or â€Å"distress† instead than syndromal diagnosings of major depression. DecisionLife events research has therefore been an country of huge involvement since the sixtiess. The jobs defined and the hypotheses generated are so varied in this country. that there is really small range of exhaustion. Although literature suggests that life events play an of import function in the precipitation and backsliding of psychiatric upsets. the relationship is non all that consecutive frontward. The relationship between emphasis and unwellnessvaries with pre bing exposure factors. That is. differences in societal support system. accomplishments. attitudes. beliefs. and personality features render some individuals comparatively immune to emphasize induced unwellness A ; other comparatively susceptible. Hence. future research should concentrate on placing these step ining variables and understanding their consequence on emphasis – unwellness relationship.

Beginnings essays

Beginnings essays Psychiatrists say that a child's values are pretty much locked in by the age of ten. I grew up a child of suburban Chicago in the mid 1980s. I had a nice, cold, and snowy day for my birthday since I was born on December 30, 1985 and December is the peak of winter. My values and beliefs will be very different from someone that grew up in Coldwater, Michigan. Different religions also affect this lot since my Hindu beliefs and ideals would be entirely different from a Christians beliefs and ideals even if we grew up in the same neighborhood. Family plays a large part in my life, but it has not usually had a good impact upon it. Throughout my existence, the greed of other family members has plagued me with money problems. It would appear that, to them, having material possessions more important than assuring my well-being. My mother's parents kicked her out of the family. When my mom married my dad, my grandparents refused to speak to them; as did all the others from her family because she ran away and got married. When I was born, the families were back together in a sense. My dad worked for Drisilker, one of the worlds foremost electric motor repair facilities in the world. They received motors from all over the US, Switzerland, and Germany. My mom worked at the Taco Bell down the street as the shift manager. At the time, my dads 2 younger brothers were living with us also. They worked at various fast food restaurants. Neither of them was very responsible so they could not hold employment very long. I was born IBM PC-DOS 3.2 was released. That may later work into my fixation with computers. This new DOS system also helped push IBM further ahead into the computer market helping them to set the pace for the competition. That might help to explain my attachment to computers now. On the day I was born, President Zia of Pakistan ended martial law, and restored their constitution. When I see this ...

Media Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Literacy - Essay Example The article under study is a news article taken from the Daily Star February 12, 2007 issue which is entitled â€Å"The Jet Seat that Spots Terrorists.† There are different points that can be considered essential in the analysis of the article such as the motive of the writer, the credibility of the story and the target audience from whom a reaction and empathy is expected. One of the main points that can be considered evident in the story is the importance given to the effects of the issue related to terrorism. In the title, the word â€Å"terrorists† can obviously be viewed and catch attention. Due to the use of the issue against terrorism, the article can be perceived to present propaganda on the capability of the technology being introduced and presented which is either related to the jet seat feature, the airline company or the cooperation of the airline industry in the fight for terrorism. The latter reason being related to the fact that airlines are commonly the main tool of the terrorists in posing threat to the safety of the population. Another feature of the story is the attractive description of the capabilities of the technology being applied. This can catch the interest and attention of the population since high level technology with prototype features can almost be considered as a fiction and fantasy turned reality for the members of the public. If an ordinary citizen or even a person with a high level of interest in technology would read the news, the first reaction would probably be an expression of excitement due to the continuous development of technology and even a sense of satisfaction since safety can be improved if a need for air travel is undertaken. The features of the said technology is stressed including the sensitivity to movement and sound with less limitation in terms of sensitivity in capturing possible hints of terrorism and other crimes. The exploration of the importance

Islamic Banking and Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Islamic Banking and Finance - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that  the UAE Islamic financial services sector represents 30% of the overall Islamic banking industry based throughout the world. This has been possible largely because of rising requirement of customers within the UAE for Islamic financial services. Islamic banks in the UAE have played a crucial role in financing multiple infrastructure projects in the region, expansion of the human capital market by training talented individuals from the region and also, financed development of housing properties for the citizens of UAE. The growth witnessed in the Islamic banking industry has been driven by the growing requirement for Islamic products and services by an augmenting count of customers. The underlying reason for this growth is the emphasis that the industry lays on ethical principles, their commitment to transparency and implementation of the principle of mutual benefits in transactions and operations. The following sections will explain the produc ts and services offered by three of the leading banks based in the UAE (National Bank of Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank and Emirates NBD). Following that, financial performance of each of the banks will be compared and lastly, comments would be made regarding the difference in between Islamic banking system that these banks follow and the conventional banking system.  The National Bank of Abu Dhabi’s Islamic Financial System is guided by Shari’a principle and rules.  

Reading Skills Essay Example for Free

Reading Skills Essay Reading daily, Reading deeply, Reading widely are the few important skills of reading from which we can enhance our understanding of passage, ameliorate our vocabulary, correct our grammatical mistakes, increase our thinking capacity and helps in improving or learning any part of a language. The more you read the one thing you realize the key to doing well in the examination, and the key to perform or present any task in a well equipped way. There are many techniques used in reading to get and understand whole idea or summary of the passage to improve reading. But few important skills of reading are given below to improve reading. 1. Styles of reading 2. Active reading 3. A tip for speeding up your active reading 4. Spotting authors navigation aids 5. Words and vocabulary [pic]1. Styles of reading There are three styles of reading which we use in different situations: Scanning: Scanning is what you do to find an answer to a specific question. You may run your eyes quickly down the page in a zigzag or winding S pattern. If you are looking for a name, you note capital letters. For a date, you look for numbers. Vocabulary words may be boldfaced or italicized. When you scan for information, you read only what is needed. Its useful to scan parts of texts to see if theyre going to be useful to you: †¢ the introduction or preface of a book †¢ the first or last paragraphs of chapters †¢ the concluding chapter of a book. Skimming: for getting the gist of something Skimming is covering the chapter to get some of the main ideas and a general overview of the material. It is what you do first when reading a chapter assignment. You don’t read for details at this point. Here is how you skim a chapter: . To preview a passage before you read it in detail  · Read the first paragraph of the chapter line by line.  · Next, read all the bold print headings starting at the beginning.  · Read the first sentence of every paragraph.  · Study any pictures, graphs, charts, and maps.  · Finally, read the last paragraph of the chapter. As you skim, you could write down the main ideas and develop a chapter outline. Detailed reading: for extracting information accurately Where you read every word, and work to learn from the text. In this careful reading, you may find it helpful to skim first, to get a general idea, but then go back to read in detail. Use a dictionary to make sure you understand all the words used. [pic]2. Active reading When youre reading for your course, you need to make sure youre actively involved with the text. Its a waste of your time to just passively read, the way youd read a thriller on holiday. Always make notes to keep up your concentration and understanding. Here are four tips for active reading. Underlining and highlighting Pick out what you think are the most important parts of what you are reading. Do this with your own copy of texts or on photocopies, not with borrowed books. If you are a visual learner, youll find it helpful to use different colours to highlight different aspects of what youre reading. Note key words Record the main headings as you read. Use one or two keywords for each point. When you dont want to mark the text, keep a folder of notes you make while reading. Questions Before you start reading something like an article, a chapter or a whole book, prepare for your reading by noting down questions you want the material to answer. While youre reading, note down questions which the author raises. Summaries Pause after youve read a section of text. Then: 1. put what youve read into your own words; 2. skim through the text and check how accurate your summary is and 3.fill in any gaps. [pic]3. A tip for speeding up your active reading You should learn a huge amount from your reading. If you read passively, without learning, youre wasting your time. So train your mind to learn. Try the SQ3R technique. First developed by researchers at Ohio State University, SQ3R is a useful technique for absorbing written information. It helps you to create a good mental framework of a subject, into which you can fit the right facts. It helps you to set study goals and prompts you to use the review techniques that will help you to remember. The acronym SQ3R stands for the five sequential techniques you should use to read a book: Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review. Survey Gather the information you need to focus on the work and set goals: †¢ Read the title to help prepare for the subject †¢ Read the introduction or summary to see what the author thinks are the key points †¢ Notice the boldface headings to see what the structure is †¢ Notice any maps, graphs or charts. They are there for a purpose †¢ Notice the reading aids, italics, bold face, questions at the end of the chapter. They are all there to help you understand and remember. Question  Help your mind to engage and concentrate. Your mind is engaged in learning when it is actively looking for answers to questions. Make questions that can be answered during the reading of the material. This will give a purpose to your reading. Take a heading and turn it into a question. For example, if a heading in a chapter about Cell Division is in your biology text, make a question by turning the title around: â€Å"How does cell division occur? † or â€Å"How many steps are involved in cell division? † Read Read the first section with your questions in mind. Now you read the material trying to find answers to your questions. This is a careful reading, line by line. You may want to take notes or make flashcards. Recall As you read, look away from your book and notes and try to answer your questions. This checks your learning and helps put that information in your memory. After each section, stop and think back to your questions. See if you can answer them from memory. If not, take a look back at the text. Do this as often as you need to.. Review To check your memory, scan portions of the material or your notes to verify your answers. Review the material and note the main points under each heading. This review step helps you retain the material. The SQ3R method is just one technique that can be used to retain information you collect while reading. Students learn in different ways. Therefore they should be aware of their learning styles. Knowing whether you are an Auditory (learn by hearing), Visual (learn by seeing) or Kinesthetic (hands-on) learner helps you to understand your best learning environment. The SQ3R technique of reading can help to enhance your reading skills no matter what your style is. [pic]4. Spotting authors navigation aids Learn to recognize sequence signals, for example: Three advantages of or A number of methods are available leads you to expect several points to follow. The first sentence of a paragraph will often indicate a sequence:† One important cause of followed by Another important factor and so on, until The final cause of General points are often illustrated by particular examples, for example: General: Birds beaks are appropriately shaped for feeding. Particular: Sparrows and other seed-eating birds have short, stubby beaks; wrens and other insect eaters have thin pointed beaks; herons and other fish hunters have long, sharp beaks for spearing their prey. Whatever you are reading, be aware of the authors background. It is important to recognize the bias given to writing by a writers political, religious, social background. Learn which newspapers and journals represent a particular standpoint [pic]5. Words and vocabulary When youre a graduate people expect you to use a vocabulary which is wider than a school-leavers. To expand your vocabulary: Choose a large dictionary rather than one which is ‘compact or ‘concise. You want one which is big enough to define words clearly and helpfully (around 1,500 pages is a good size). Avoid dictionaries which send you round in circles by just giving synonyms. A pocket dictionary might suggest: ‘impetuous = rash. A more comprehensive dictionary will tell you that impetuous means ‘rushing with force and violence, while another gives ‘liable to act without consideration, and add to your understanding by giving the derivation ‘14th century, from late Latin impetuous = violent. It will tell you that rash means ‘acting without due consideration or thought, and is derived from Old High German rasc = hurried. So underlying these two similar words is the difference between violence and hurrying. There are over 600,000 words in the Oxford English Dictionary; most of them have different meanings, (only a small proportion is synonyms). Avoid dictionaries which send you round in circles by using very complicated language to define the term youre looking up, leaving you struggling to understand half a dozen new words. Keep your dictionary at hand when youre studying. Look up unfamiliar words and work to understand what they mean. Improve your vocabulary by reading widely. Reading skills in a precis form Comprehensions Reading comprehension is a basic skill that each college student must possess. Believe it or not, reading is a complex, accrued skill—not acquired overnight learning to read and comprehend takes practice. Comprehension involves obtaining information from written text. A reader who comprehends a text accurately understands what the writer intended to communicate. She understands the purpose and the main idea. Comprehension cannot be observed directly, but a reader who is able to retell, paraphrase or summarize a text demonstrates comprehension. Interpretation †¢ When a reader interprets a text, he is employing a critical thinking strategy. He uses evidence and clues from the text to draw conclusions and looks for larger or more universal principals in what he has read. Interpretation requires going beyond the initial impression of what he has read to develop a more complex and complete understanding. Analysis †¢ When a reader analyzes the text, she identifies the assumptions of the writer and examines the structure of the argument. She asks questions such as, Does the evidence support the argument? and Does it support the conclusions the writer draws? She is looking for evidence of a logical and/or consistent argument. Synthesis †¢ With synthesis, the skilled reader is able to show how a text develops or builds meaning. He sorts out and reconstructs ideas in a text to point out how they are interrelated. He compares and extends meaning from multiple sources. Evaluation †¢ Evaluation, determining the quality and effectiveness of a text, is the highest level of critical thinking associated with reading, according to Lesley Thompson, Senior Assessment and Accountability Program Associate at the Northwest Regional Education Laboratory. An effective reader evaluates the merit of the text by drawing on her own experience and knowledge and considering whether other sources provide evidence that agrees with or contradicts the writers argument.